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The Inca Empire and its road system encompassed most of the Andean civilization.
The Andean civilizations were South American complex societies of many indigenous people.[1] They stretched down the spine of the Andes for 4,000 km (2,500 mi) from southern Colombia, to Ecuador and Peru, including the deserts of coastal Peru, to north Chile and northwest Argentina. Archaeologists believe that Andean civilizations first developed on the narrow coastal plain of the Pacific Ocean. The Caral or Norte Chico civilization of coastal Peru is the oldest known civilization in the Americas, dating back to 3500 BCE.[2] Andean civilization is one of the six "pristine" civilizations of the world, created independently and without influence by other civilizations.
Despite the severe environmental challenges of high mountains and hyper-arid desert, the Andean civilizations domesticated a wide variety of crops, some of which, such as potatoes, peppers, peanuts, manioc, chocolate, and coca, became of worldwide importance. The Andean civilizations were noteworthy for monumental architecture, an extensive road system, textile weaving, and many unique characteristics of the societies they created.
Less than a century prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquerors, the Incas, from their homeland centered on the city of Cusco, united most Andean cultures into one single empire that encompassed nearly all of what is usually called Andean civilization. The Timoto Cuica of Venezuela remained outside the Inca orbit. The Inca Empire was a patchwork of languages, cultures and peoples. Spanish rule ended or transformed many elements of the Andean civilizations, notably influencing religion and architecture.
^Shady Solis, Ruth; Jonathan Haas; Winifred Creamer (27 April 2001). "Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru". Science. 292 (5517): 723–726. Bibcode:2001Sci...292..723S. doi:10.1126/science.1059519. PMID 11326098. S2CID 10172918.
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believe that Andeancivilizations first developed on the narrow coastal plain of the Pacific Ocean. The Caral or Norte Chico civilization of coastal Peru...
chapter of thousands of years of Andeancivilizations. The Andeancivilization is one of at least five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to...
A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was developed independent of other civilizations in other locations. The formation...
which is considered one of the earliest civilizations in the world. Caral is the largest recorded site in the Andean region, with dates older than 2000 BC...
sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves. Civilizations are organized densely-populated settlements divided into...
needed]. Cultures considered Andean include: Atacama people Aymara people Muisca people or Chibcha Andeancivilizations Quechua people Uru people Diaguita...
the cessation of ceremonial use of the site is associated with the pan-Andean drought. Later (post-Cahuachi) Nazca society was structured in a similar...
continues to be home to indigenous peoples, some of whom built high civilizations prior to the arrival of Europeans in the late 1400s and early 1500s...
civilizations shared the same iconography, referred to as the "Southern Andean Iconographic Series". The relationship between the two civilizations is...
rapid cultural development in the Andean region of Peru, which is different from the reliance of most original civilizations on cultivation of agriculture...
or the San Jose dam, which continue to provide water, coming from the Andean region and groundwater, guaranteeing several harvests per year. Access to...
The Chakana (Andean cross, "stepped cross" or "step motif" or "stepped motif") is a stepped cross motif used by the Inca and pre-incan Andean societies....
Veracruz. They were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed. Among other "firsts", the...
H. Steward (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians Vol. 2 The AndeanCivilizations (PDF). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 183–330. Bauer, Brian...
As the former nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples mixed with the complex civilizations of Mesoamerica, adopting religious and cultural practices, the foundation...
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of the royal dead. The Wari Empire was a second-generation state of the Andean region; both it and Tiwanaku had been preceded by the first-generation Moche...
It drew upon the administrative forms and practices of previous Andeancivilizations such as the Wari Empire and Tiwanaku, and had in common certain practices...
theory of anthropologist Michael E. Moseley and others that the earliest civilizations in Peru were based not on agriculture, but on exploitation of the rich...
societies developed primarily in two regions: Mesoamerica and the Andeancivilizations. Mesoamerican cultures include Zapotec, Toltec, Olmec, Maya, Aztec...
southern Lake Titicaca Basin. Tiwanaku was one of the most significant Andeancivilizations. Its influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile and lasted...
Peruvian art has its origin in the Andeancivilizations. These civilizations rose in the territory of modern Peru before the arrival of the Spanish. Peru's...
its provinces, but they often did not have formal planning as many other Andean cities did. These centers are clearly different from the architecture of...
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