Global InformationPeruvian conflict information
| Peruvian conflict | ||||||||||
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| Part of the Cold War (1980–1991) and the War on Drugs (1980–present) | ||||||||||
 Areas where Shining Path was active in Peru | ||||||||||
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| Belligerents | ||||||||||
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State-affiliated paramilitaries:  North Korea (alleged)[2] Russia[3] Spain[4] United States[5] |
Supported by:
 Huallaga faction (1999–2012) |
 MRTA (1982–1997)Supported by:  19th of April Movement[14] FMLN[15] FSLN[16][17] Cuba[17](alleged, denied by Cuba)  Libya[17] Soviet Union[17](until 1991) | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||||
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| Strength | ||||||||||
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15,000 militants (peak) ~250–650 (2015)[22] | ~200 militants (peak) | |||||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||||
| ~50,000–69,280 killed in total (1980–2002)[23][24][25] | ||||||||||
| History of Peru |
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 |
 Peru portal |
The Peruvian conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerilla group Shining Path and its remnants. The conflict began on 17 May 1980,[26] and from 1982 to 1997 the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement waged its own insurgency as a Marxist–Leninist rival to the Shining Path.
As fighting intensified in the 1980s, the Peruvian government had one of the worst human rights records in the Western Hemisphere; Peru experienced the most forced disappearances in the world during the period while the Peruvian Armed Forces acted with impunity throughout the conflict, sometimes massacring entire villages.[27][28] It is estimated that there have been between 50,000 and 70,000 deaths, making it the bloodiest war in Peruvian history, since the European colonization of the country. The high death toll includes many civilian casualties, due to deliberate targeting by many factions. The Indigenous peoples of Peru were specifically targeted by killings, with 75% of those killed speaking Quechua as their native language.[29] Since 2000, the number of deaths has dropped significantly and recently the conflict has become dormant.
There were low-level resurgences of violence in 2002 and 2014 when conflict erupted between the Peruvian Army and guerrilla remnants in the Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro region. The conflict has lasted for over 40 years, making it the second longest internal conflict in the history of Latin America, after the Colombian conflict.
- ^ "Perú y Colombia amplían cooperación en lucha contra terrorismo y narcotráfico". El Espectador. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
- ^ "Peru orders weapons from North Korea". UPI. 23 March 1988. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Ellis, Evan (20 July 2022). "Russia in the Western Hemisphere: Assessing Putin's Malign Influence in Latin America and the Caribbean". CSIS. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ "Mirada al pasado: Perú y España, lazos contra el terrorismo". Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "US designates Peru's Shining Path 'drug traffickers'". BBC News. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ "Autoridades de Perú capturan a 71 supuestos integrantes de Sendero Luminoso". CNN (in Spanish). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "Why are Hezbollah militias involved in Peru's violence?". Al Arabiya English. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ Maske, Mahesh. "Maovichar", in Studies in Nepali History and Society, Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 2002), p. 275.
- ^ Tisdall, Simon (23 August 2011). "Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ "Sendero Luminoso sufre deserciones por estrategia militar y policial en el Vraem". gob.pe. Gobierno del Perú. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ "La peligrosa red de Sendero Luminoso en Perú y el exterior". La Razón (in Spanish). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ "Durmiendo con el enemigo | EL MONTONERO". EL MONTONERO | Primer Portal de opinión del país (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ ""PERÚ EN LA MIRA DE HEZBOLÁ"". El primer periódico digital del Perú (in Spanish). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "MRTA reivindica 13 atentados contra bancos y comisarías". LUM. 12 October 1986. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ^ "Ex guerrilleros del FMLN vinculados al MRTA". LUM (in Spanish). 17 January 1997. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ "Movimientos terroristas: Sendero Luminoso y MRTA" (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: Growing threat to US interests in Peru" (PDF). CIA.gov. 28 March 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ "Shining Path Rebel Leader Is Captured in Peru". The Washington Post. 15 July 1999. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
activitywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Americas | Profile: Peru's Shining Path". BBC News. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Perú denunciará a Sendero Luminoso ante la ONU y la OEA por utilizar niños Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. 30 May 2009. La República. Accessed 13 October 2009.
- ^ "Hot Issue — On The Rebound: Shining Path Factions Vie for Control of Upper Huallaga Valley". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ^ "Final Report". Press Release. Truth and reconciliation commission.
- ^ "Gráfico: ¿qué fue la CVR y qué dijo su informe final?". RPP. 26 August 2016.
- ^ Rendon, Silvio (1 January 2019). "Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Research & Politics. 6 (1): 2053168018820375. doi:10.1177/2053168018820375. ISSN 2053-1680.
- ^ Starn, Orin (30 April 2019). The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393292817.
- ^ Mauceri, Philip (Winter 1995). "State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru". Latin American Research Review. 30 (1): 7–37. doi:10.1017/S0023879100017155. S2CID 252749746.
- ^ Werlich, David P. (January 1987). "Debt, Democracy and Terrorism in Peru". Current History. 86 (516): 29–32, 36–37. doi:10.1525/curh.1987.86.516.29. S2CID 249689936.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:2was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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