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Illustration showing influenza virus attaching to cell membrane via the surface protein hemagglutinin
In molecular biology, hemagglutinins (alternatively spelled haemagglutinin, from the Greek haima, 'blood' + Latin gluten, 'glue') are receptor-binding membrane fusion glycoproteins produced by viruses in the Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families.[1][2] Hemagglutinins are responsible for binding to receptors on red blood cells to initiate viral attachment and infection.[3] The agglutination of red cells occurs when antibodies on one cell bind to those on others, causing amorphous aggregates of clumped cells.
Hemagglutinins recognize cell-surface glycoconjugates containing sialic acid on the surface of host red blood cells with a low affinity, and use them to enter the endosome of host cells.[4] In the endosome, hemagglutinins are activated at a pH of 5 - 6.5 to undergo conformational changes that enable viral attachment through a fusion peptide.[5]
Virologist George K. Hirst discovered agglutination and hemagglutinins in 1941. Alfred Gottschalk proved in 1957 that hemagglutinins bind a virus to a host cell by attaching to sialic acids on carbohydrate side chains of cell-membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids.[6]
^Couch, Robert B. (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Orthomyxoviruses", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413353, retrieved 2024-01-30
^"Paramyxoviridae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
^Nobusawa, E. (October 1997). "[Structure and function of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses]". Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine. 55 (10): 2562–2569. ISSN 0047-1852. PMID 9360372.
^Bangaru, Sandhya; Lang, Shanshan; Schotsaert, Michael; Vanderven, Hillary A.; Zhu, Xueyong; Kose, Nurgun; Bombardi, Robin; Finn, Jessica A.; Kent, Stephen J.; Gilchuk, Pavlo; Gilchuk, Iuliia (2019). "A Site of Vulnerability on the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head Domain Trimer Interface". Cell. 177 (5): 1136–1152.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.011. PMC 6629437. PMID 31100268.
^Medeiros, R.; Escriou, N.; Naffakh, N.; Manuguerra, J. C.; van der Werf, S. (2001-10-10). "Hemagglutinin residues of recent human A(H3N2) influenza viruses that contribute to the inability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes". Virology. 289 (1): 74–85. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1121. ISSN 0042-6822. PMID 11601919.
^Henry, Ronnie; Murphy, Frederick A. (October 2018). "Etymologia: Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24 (10): 1849. doi:10.3201/eid2410.ET2410. PMC 6154157.
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Livingstone. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-443-03502-9. Schubothe, H (1966). "The cold hemagglutinin disease". Seminars in Hematology. 3 (1): 27–47. ISSN 0037-1963. PMID 5323366...
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