The Standard Model of elementary particles, with the gauge bosons in the fourth column in red
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions.[1][2] Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles.
Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1; for comparison, the Higgs boson has spin zero and the hypothetical graviton has a spin of 2. Therefore, all known gauge bosons are vector bosons.
Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second, mesons, which are composite bosons, made of quarks; third, larger composite, non-force-carrying bosons, such as certain atoms.
^Gribbin, John (2000). Q is for Quantum – An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85578-X.
^Clark, John, E.O. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-4616-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
known gaugebosons are vector bosons. Gaugebosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second...
gaugebosons had non-zero (rest) mass. Further, many promising solutions seemed to require the existence of extra particles known as Goldstone bosons...
physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary...
Model includes 4 kinds of gaugebosons of spin 1, with bosons being quantum particles containing an integer spin. The gaugebosons are defined as force carriers...
of the gauge fields are called gaugebosons. If the symmetry group is non-commutative, then the gauge theory is referred to as non-abelian gauge theory...
mass via the Higgs mechanism Four vector bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gaugebosons: γ Photon – the force carrier of the...
vacuum, a photon has two possible polarization states. The photon is the gaugeboson for electromagnetism,: 29–30 and therefore all other quantum numbers...
The hypothetical graviton has spin = 2; it is unknown whether it is a gaugeboson as well. In the Standard Model, elementary particles are represented...
rise to the gaugebosons which mediate the electroweak interactions – the three W bosons of weak isospin (W1, W2, and W3), and the B boson of weak hypercharge...
particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous...
generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gaugebosons. Without the Higgs mechanism, all bosons (one of the two classes of particles, the other...
known gaugebosons that are both believed to be massless; the other is the gluon (carrier of the strong force). The only other confirmed gaugebosons are...
particle physics, a vector boson is a boson whose spin equals one. Vector bosons that are also elementary particles are gaugebosons, the force carriers of...
polarized massive gaugeboson becomes equal to the amplitude for emission or absorption of the Goldstone boson that was eaten by the gaugeboson.: 743–744 In...
fundamental interactions, using mediating gaugebosons. The species of gaugebosons are eight gluons, W− , W+ and Z bosons, and the photon. The Standard Model...
three composite bosons are the W+ , W− , and Z0 bosons actually observed in the weak interaction. The fourth electroweak gaugeboson is the photon (γ)...
catheters Gauge theory Gauge integral Gauge fixing GaugebosonGauge (Minkowski functional) Gauge (knitting), the number of stitches in a given length Gauge (actress)...
the X and Y bosons (sometimes collectively called "X bosons": 437 ) are hypothetical elementary particles analogous to the W and Z bosons, but corresponding...
is a vector boson, which means it has a spin of 1. While massive spin-1 particles have three polarization states, massless gaugebosons like the gluon...
gauge freedom axes within the space of detailed configurations. This leads to the explicit appearance of forward and backward polarized gaugebosons in...
interacting vector bosons, like the photon of electromagnetism. Unlike the photon, the SU(2) gauge theory would contain self-interacting gaugebosons. The condition...
which do not. The elementary bosons comprise the gaugebosons (photon, W and Z, gluons) with spin 1, while the Higgs boson is the only elementary particle...
altogether relativistic quantum field theory (QFT). Force particles, called gaugebosons—force carriers or messenger particles of underlying fields—interact with...
coupling of leptons to all types of gaugeboson are flavour-independent: The interaction between leptons and a gaugeboson measures the same for each lepton...
than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gaugebosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed. Only...
et al. (Particle Data Group) (2020). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. Archived...
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