Massless boson that must be present in a quantum system with spontaneously broken symmetry
"Goldstone theorem" redirects here. For the theorem on Feynman diagrams, see linked-cluster theorem.
In particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetries. They were discovered by Yoichiro Nambu in particle physics within the context of the BCS superconductivity mechanism,[1] and subsequently elucidated by Jeffrey Goldstone,[2] and systematically generalized in the context of quantum field theory.[3] In condensed matter physics such bosons are quasiparticles and are known as Anderson–Bogoliubov modes.[4][5][6]
These spinless bosons correspond to the spontaneously broken internal symmetry generators, and are characterized by the quantum numbers of these.
They transform nonlinearly (shift) under the action of these generators, and can thus be excited out of the asymmetric vacuum by these generators. Thus, they can be thought of as the excitations of the field in the broken symmetry directions in group space—and are massless if the spontaneously broken symmetry is not also broken explicitly.
If, instead, the symmetry is not exact, i.e. if it is explicitly broken as well as spontaneously broken, then the Nambu–Goldstone bosons are not massless, though they typically remain relatively light; they are then called pseudo-Goldstone bosons or pseudo–Nambu–Goldstone bosons (abbreviated PNGBs).
^Nambu, Y (1960). "Quasiparticles and Gauge Invariance in the Theory of Superconductivity". Physical Review. 117 (3): 648–663. Bibcode:1960PhRv..117..648N. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.117.648.
^Goldstone, J (1961). "Field Theories with Superconductor Solutions". Nuovo Cimento. 19 (1): 154–164. Bibcode:1961NCim...19..154G. doi:10.1007/BF02812722. S2CID 120409034.
^Anderson, P. W. (1958-05-15). "Coherent Excited States in the Theory of Superconductivity: Gauge Invariance and the Meissner Effect". Physical Review. 110 (4). American Physical Society (APS): 827–835. Bibcode:1958PhRv..110..827A. doi:10.1103/physrev.110.827. ISSN 0031-899X.
^Anderson, P. W. (1958-12-15). "Random-Phase Approximation in the Theory of Superconductivity". Physical Review. 112 (6). American Physical Society (APS): 1900–1916. Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1900A. doi:10.1103/physrev.112.1900. ISSN 0031-899X.
^Bogoljubov, N. N.; Tolmachov, V. V.; Širkov, D. V. (1958). "A New Method in the Theory of Superconductivity". Fortschritte der Physik. 6 (11–12). Wiley: 605–682. Bibcode:1958ForPh...6..605B. doi:10.1002/prop.19580061102. ISSN 0015-8208.
In particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstonebosons or Nambu–Goldstonebosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous...
to the "diagonal flavor SU(3) subgroup", generating low mass Nambu–Goldstonebosons. These are identified with the pseudoscalar mesons seen in the spectrum...
gauge bosons had non-zero (rest) mass. Further, many promising solutions seemed to require the existence of extra particles known as Goldstonebosons. But...
Model. These typically engineer the Higgs boson as a naturally light pseudo-Goldstoneboson or Nambu-Goldstone field, in analogy to the pion (or more precisely...
of Cambridge until 1977. He is noted for the discovery of the Nambu–Goldstoneboson. He is currently working on quantum computation. Born in Manchester...
theory breaks the symmetry, implying the existence of a massless Nambu–Goldstoneboson, the mode running around the circle at the minimum of this potential...
massless bosons appear, corresponding to the remaining symmetry. This is called the Goldstone phenomenon and the bosons are called Goldstonebosons. The SU(Nf) × SU(Nf)...
physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary...
Goldstone (glass), a gemstone simulant Goldstoneboson, certain bosons in particle and condensed-matter physics Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex...
little Higgs models are based on the idea that the Higgs boson is a pseudo-Goldstoneboson arising from some global symmetry breaking at a TeV energy...
resulting Goldstoneboson is "eaten" by the corresponding gauge boson by becoming an additional degree of freedom for the gauge boson. The Goldstoneboson equivalence...
of energy. Goldstonebosons are a massless excitation of a field that has been spontaneously broken. The pions are quasi-goldstonebosons (quasi- because...
majorons (named after Ettore Majorana) are a hypothetical type of Goldstoneboson that are conjectured to mediate the neutrino mass violation of lepton...
freedom becomes a new scalar particle: the Higgs boson. The components that do not mix with Goldstonebosons form a massless photon. The gauge group of the...
prediction of the Higgs field and Higgs boson. Together, these provide a theoretical means by which Goldstone's theorem (a problematic limitation affecting...
symmetry explicitly and transform massless Nambu–Goldstonebosons into massive pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone ones. In one-dimensional field theory or quantum...
Also, massless bosons arising in field theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking are sometimes referred to as Nambu–Goldstonebosons. Nambu died of...
is an important exemption from Goldstone's Theorem, where a Nambu-GoldstoneBoson can gain mass, becoming a Higgs Boson in the process. Further, in this...
then spontaneously broken at low energies, giving rise to a pseudo-Goldstoneboson called an axion. The axion ground state dynamically forces the theory...
for the Higgs mechanism are transformed into a basis in which their Goldstoneboson components are set to zero. In other words, the unitarity gauge makes...
spontaneously break the O(2) symmetry. A continuous broken symmetry leads to a Goldstoneboson. This type of spontaneous symmetry breaking is the essential component...
model in which a composite Higgs particle arises as a pseudo-Nambu–Goldstoneboson. He also proposed that the eternally inflating multiverse is the same...
massive vector field. Hence, Goldstone's original scalar doublet, the massive spin-zero particle, was proposed as the Higgs boson, and is a key building block...
Global Information