Unified description of electromagnetism and the weak interaction
Standard Model of particle physics
Elementary particles of the Standard Model
Background
Particle physics Standard Model Quantum field theory Gauge theory Spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs mechanism
Constituents
Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics CKM matrix Standard Model mathematics
Limitations
Strong CP problem Hierarchy problem Neutrino oscillations Physics beyond the Standard Model
Scientists
Rutherford
Thomson
Chadwick
Bose
Sudarshan
Davis Jr
Anderson
Fermi
Dirac
Feynman
Rubbia
Gell-Mann
Kendall
Taylor
Friedman
Powell
Anderson
Glashow
Iliopoulos
Lederman
Maiani
Meer
Cowan
Nambu
Chamberlain
Cabibbo
Schwartz
Perl
Majorana
Weinberg
Lee
Ward
Salam
Kobayashi
Maskawa
Mills
Yang
Yukawa
't Hooft
Veltman
Gross
Pais
Pauli
Politzer
Reines
Schwinger
Wilczek
Cronin
Fitch
Vleck
Higgs
Englert
Brout
Hagen
Guralnik
Kibble
de Mayolo
Lattes
Zweig
v
t
e
In particle physics, the electroweak interaction or electroweak force is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism (electromagnetic interaction) and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies, the theory models them as two different aspects of the same force. Above the unification energy, on the order of 246 GeV,[a] they would merge into a single force. Thus, if the temperature is high enough – approximately 1015 K – then the electromagnetic force and weak force merge into a combined electroweak force. During the quark epoch (shortly after the Big Bang), the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak force. It is thought that the required temperature of 1015 K has not been seen widely throughout the universe since before the quark epoch, and currently the highest human-made temperature in thermal equilibrium is around 5.5x1012 K (from the Large Hadron Collider).
Sheldon Glashow,[1] Abdus Salam,[2] and Steven Weinberg[3] were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, known as the Weinberg–Salam theory.[4][5] The existence of the electroweak interactions was experimentally established in two stages, the first being the discovery of neutral currents in neutrino scattering by the Gargamelle collaboration in 1973, and the second in 1983 by the UA1 and the UA2 collaborations that involved the discovery of the W and Z gauge bosons in proton–antiproton collisions at the converted Super Proton Synchrotron. In 1999, Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman were awarded the Nobel prize for showing that the electroweak theory is renormalizable.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
^Glashow, S. (1959). "The renormalizability of vector meson interactions." Nucl. Phys.10, 107.
^Salam, A.; Ward, J. C. (1959). "Weak and electromagnetic interactions". Nuovo Cimento. 11 (4): 568–577. Bibcode:1959NCim...11..568S. doi:10.1007/BF02726525. S2CID 15889731.
^Weinberg, S (1967). "A Model of Leptons" (PDF). Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 (21): 1264–66. Bibcode:1967PhRvL..19.1264W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-12.
^
S. Bais (2005). The Equations: Icons of knowledge. p. 84. ISBN 0-674-01967-9.
^
"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
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