Extravillous trophoblasts(EVTs), are one form of differentiated trophoblast cells of the placenta. They are invasive mesenchymal cells which function to establish critical tissue connection in the developing placental-uterine interface. EVTs derive from progenitor cytotrophoblasts (CYTs), as does the other main trophoblast subtype, syncytiotrophoblast (SYN). They are sometimes called intermediate trophoblast.[1]
EVTs that derive from CYT cells on the surface of placental chorionic villi that come into contact with the uterine wall - at the placental bed - begin to express the HLA-G antigen.[2] Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells migrate from anchoring villi, and invade into the decidua basalis. Their main function is remodelling the uterine spiral arteries, to achieve an increase in the spiral artery diameter of from four to six times. This changes them from high-resistance low-flow vessels into large dilated vessels that provide good perfusion, and oxygenation to the developing placenta. When invasion is shallow it is inadequate, the arteries remain narrow at their openings into the intervillous space, and is the cause of pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and still birth.[3][4][5]
EVT are a low-incidence (<5% of trophoblasts), but critical and multifunctional, subtype of trophoblast in the placenta.
^Cierna, Z; Varga, I; Danihel L, Jr; Kuracinova, K; Janegova, A; Danihel, L (March 2016). "Intermediate trophoblast--A distinctive, unique and often unrecognized population of trophoblastic cells". Annals of Anatomy. 204: 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2015.10.003. PMID 26581330.
^Moser, Gerit; Windsperger, Karin; Pollheimer, Jürgen; de Sousa Lopes, Susana Chuva; Huppertz, Berthold (1 October 2018). "Human trophoblast invasion: new and unexpected routes and functions". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 150 (4): 361–370. doi:10.1007/s00418-018-1699-0. ISSN 1432-119X. PMC 6153604. PMID 30046889.
^Abbas, Y; Turco, MY; Burton, GJ; Moffett, A (18 June 2020). "Investigation of human trophoblast invasion in vitro". Human Reproduction Update. 26 (4): 501–513. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmaa017. PMC 7473396. PMID 32441309.
^Moser, Gerit; Weiss, Gregor; Sundl, Monika; Gauster, Martin; Siwetz, Monika; Lang-Olip, Ingrid; Huppertz, Berthold (1 March 2017). "Extravillous trophoblasts invade more than uterine arteries: evidence for the invasion of uterine veins". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 147 (3): 353–366. doi:10.1007/s00418-016-1509-5. ISSN 1432-119X. PMC 5344955. PMID 27774579.
^Cite error: The named reference pollh2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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