Series of obstruent consonants in Semitic languages
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
In Semitic linguistics, an emphatic consonant is an obstruent consonant which originally contrasted with series of both voiced and voiceless obstruents. In specific Semitic languages, the members of this series may be realized as uvularized or pharyngealized, velarized, ejective, or plain voiced or voiceless consonants. It is also used, to a lesser extent, to describe cognate series in other Afro-Asiatic languages, where they are typically realized as ejective, implosive, or pharyngealized consonants.
In Semitic studies, they are commonly transcribed using the convention of placing a dot under the closest plain obstruent consonant in the Latin alphabet. With respect to particular Semitic and Afro-Asiatic languages, this term describes the particular phonetic feature which distinguishes these consonants from other consonants. Thus, in Arabic emphasis is synonymous with a secondary articulation involving retraction of the dorsum or root of the tongue, which has variously been described as velarization or pharyngealization depending on where the locus of the retraction is assumed to be. Original emphatic k developed into [q] in most Semitic languages; strictly speaking, it has thus ceased to be an emphatic version of k and has become a completely different consonant. (Accordingly, another common transcription in Semitic languages is q).
Within Arabic, the emphatic consonants vary in phonetic realization from dialect to dialect, but are typically realized as pharyngealized consonants. In Ethiopian Semitic and Modern South Arabian languages, they are realized as ejective consonants. While these sounds do not necessarily share any particular phonetic properties in common, most historically derive from a common source.
Five such "emphatic" phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic:
Proto-Semitic Phoneme Description
IPA
Trans.
Hebrew
Aramaic
Arabic
IPA
Trans.
Alveolar ejective
[tʼ]
ṭ
Tet ט
Teth ט
Ṭāʼط
[tˤ]
ṭ
Dental ejective fricative
[θʼ]
ṯ̣
Tsadi צ
Ẓāʾظ
[ðˤ]
ẓ
Alveolar ejective fricative or affricate
[tsʼ]/[sʼ]
ṣ
Ṣade צ
Ṣadص
[sˤ]
ṣ
Alveolar lateral ejective fricative or affricate
[ɬʼ]/[tɬʼ]
ṣ́
Ayin ע
Ḍādض
[dˤ][note 1]
ḍ
Velar ejective
[kʼ]
ḳ
Qoph ק
Qoph ק
Qāfق
[q][note 2]
q
An extra emphatic labial *ṗ occurs in some Semitic languages, but it is unclear whether it was a phoneme in Proto-Semitic.
The classical Ethiopian Semitic language Geʽez is unique among Semitic languages for contrasting all three of /p/, /f/, and /pʼ/. While /p/ and /pʼ/ occur mostly in loanwords (especially from Greek), there are many other occurrences whose origin is less clear (such as hepʼä 'strike', häppälä 'wash clothes').[3]
According to Hetzron, Hebrew developed an emphatic labial phoneme ṗ to represent unaspirated /p/ in Iranian and Greek.[4]
General Israeli Modern Hebrew and Maltese are notable exceptions among Semitic languages to the presence of emphatic consonants. In both languages, they have been lost under the influence of Indo-European languages (particularly Yiddish and Sicilian, respectively, though other languages may also have had an influence).
In Hebrew, the letter tsadi (from Proto-Semitic ṯ̣, ṣ, ṣ́) remains distinct as an affricate /ts/, but without pharyngealization. Emphatic ḳ has been merged with plain k in some positions, but remains distinct post-vocally, where the plain consonant becomes /x/, while the original emphatic does not. Semitic ṭ has been fully merged with plain t.
In Maltese, only emphatic ḳ (= q) remains distinct. It is still realised as a uvular stop [q] in a few villages but has otherwise developed into a glottal stop [ʔ]. All other emphatics have been merged into plain consonants. However, they are sometimes still recognizable from special vocalic developments that they triggered before the mergers. Compare sejf ('sword', from Arabic سَيْفsayf) with sajf ('summer', from Arabic صَيْفṣayf). The emphatic ṣ prevented the a from becoming e as it did with the plain s).
^Ferguson, Charles (1959), "The Arabic Koine", Language, 35 (4): 630, doi:10.2307/410601, JSTOR 410601
^Al-Azraqi, Munira (2019). "Delateralisation in Arabic and Mehri". Dialectologia. 23: 1–23.
^Woodard 2008, p. 219.
^Hetzron 1997, p. 147.
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