Protein complexes that move compounds, generally toxic, out of bacterial cells
Protein TolC, the outer membrane component of a tripartite efflux pump in Escherichia coli.AcrB, the other component of pump, Escherichia coli.
An efflux pump is an active transporter in cells that moves out unwanted material. Efflux pumps are an important component in bacteria in their ability to remove antibiotics.[1] The efflux could also be the movement of heavy metals, organic pollutants, plant-produced compounds, quorum sensing signals, bacterial metabolites and neurotransmitters. All microorganisms, with a few exceptions, have highly conserved DNA sequences in their genome that encode efflux pumps. Efflux pumps actively move substances out of a microorganism, in a process known as active efflux, which is a vital part of xenobiotic metabolism. This active efflux mechanism is responsible for various types of resistance to bacterial pathogens within bacterial species - the most concerning being antibiotic resistance because microorganisms can have adapted efflux pumps to divert toxins out of the cytoplasm and into extracellular media.[2]
Efflux systems function via an energy-dependent mechanism (active transport) to pump out unwanted toxic substances through specific efflux pumps. Some efflux systems are drug-specific, whereas others may accommodate multiple drugs with small multidrug resistance (SMR) transporters.[3][4]
Efflux pumps are proteinaceous transporters localized in the cytoplasmic membrane of all kinds of cells. They are active transporters, meaning that they require a source of chemical energy to perform their function. Some are primary active transporters utilizing adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis as a source of energy, whereas others are secondary active transporters (uniporters, symporters, or antiporters) in which transport is coupled to an electrochemical potential difference created by pumping hydrogen or sodium ions into the cell.
^Sharma A, Gupta VK, Pathania R (February 2019). "Efflux pump inhibitors for bacterial pathogens: From bench to bedside". Indian J Med Res. 149 (2): 129–145. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2079_17. PMC 6563736. PMID 31219077.
^Blanco P, Hernando-Amado S, Reales-Calderon JA, Corona F, Lira F, Alcalde-Rico M, Bernardini A, Sanchez MB, Martinez JL (February 2016). "Bacterial Multidrug Efflux Pumps: Much More Than Antibiotic Resistance Determinants". Microorganisms. 4 (1): 14. doi:10.3390/microorganisms4010014. PMC 5029519. PMID 27681908.
^Bay DC, Turner RJ (2016). Small Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-319-39658-3.
^Sun J, Deng Z, Yan A (October 2014). "Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps: mechanisms, physiology and pharmacological exploitations". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 453 (2): 254–67. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.090. PMID 24878531.
An effluxpump is an active transporter in cells that moves out unwanted material. Effluxpumps are an important component in bacteria in their ability...
responsible for efflux of a wide range of substrates, including tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and various carbapenems. Many other effluxpumps have been implicated...
energy. The main effluxpumps of S. aureus are the MFS (Major Facilitator Superfamily) which includes the MdeA pump as well as the NorA pump and the MATE...
codes for the penicillin-binding protein (PBP-2); mtr, which encodes an effluxpump that removes penicillin from the cell; and penB, which encodes the bacterial...
antagonistic responses have been observed. Triclosan may upregulate or induce effluxpumps in bacteria causing them to become resistant against variety of other...
2003). "MRP8, ATP-binding cassette C11 (ABCC11), is a cyclic nucleotide effluxpump and a resistance factor for fluoropyrimidines 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and...
Thiomers are able to reversibly inhibit effluxpumps. Because of this property the mucosal uptake of various effluxpump substrates such as anticancer drugs...
antibacterial activity over berberine in vitro, possibly as a result of effluxpump inhibitory activity. Found in southeastern Canada and the eastern United...
properly, effluxpumps, and biofilm production. Effluxpumps are a feature of the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that allows them to constantly pump out...
N-trans-feruloyl 4′-O-methyldopamine. This compound shows moderate activity as an effluxpump inhibitor against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The flowers...
resistance-nodulation-cell division superfamily. Staphylococci express effluxpumps with specificity for 14 and 15 member ring macrolides and streptogramin...
mutations leading to an up-regulation of bacterial effluxpumps, such as the RND type effluxpump AcrAB. Some bacterial species such as Pseudomonas spp...
by the CYP3A4 enzyme and is a substrate of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) effluxpump; hence, inhibitors of either protein may increase sirolimus concentrations...
than mammalian cell lines. Deletion of the gene encoding the multidrug effluxpump Pdr5 sensitizes cells to puromycin.[citation needed] Long-term synaptic...
TC# 2.A.107.1.1) has been shown to function as a putative manganese effluxpump. Manganese sensitivity and intracellular manganese levels significantly...
isolates are intrinsically resistant to all aminoglycosides (via an effluxpump mechanism), but sensitive to co-amoxiclav: this pattern of resistance...
Bondì R, Baldelli V, Messina M, et al. (September 2017). "Effect of effluxpump inhibition on Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome and virulence". Scientific...
multi-drug resistant. Zosuquidar inhibits P-glycoproteins, inhibiting the effluxpump and restoring sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Zosuqidar was initially...
permeabilization followed by biofilm disruption triggered by the inhibition of effluxpump activity and interactions with extracellular and intracellular nucleic...
horizontal transfer of a gene that either encodes an effluxpump or a ribosomal protection protein. Effluxpumps actively eject tetracycline from the cell, preventing...
drug effluxpump proteins such as P-glycoprotein and other ABC transporter proteins. This is useful, as many tumor cell lines overexpress drug efflux pumps...
accumulation: by decreasing drug permeability and/or increasing active efflux (pumping out) of the drugs across the cell surface. Biological cost is a measure...
Gram-negative bacteria to linezolid is due to the activity of effluxpumps, which actively "pump" linezolid out of the cell faster than it can accumulate....
increased expression of p-glycoprotein, which is a transmembrane drug effluxpump. Allele frequency changes corresponding to resistance to moxidectin and/or...
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