Depression in childhood and adolescence information
Pediatric depressive disorders
"Teenage depression" redirects here. For the album by Eddie and the Hot Rods, see Teenage Depression (album).
Artwork depicting childhood depression by Marc-Anthony Macon
Major depressive disorder, often simply referred to as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability. It is accompanied by a constellation of somatic and cognitive signs and symptoms such as fatigue, apathy, sleep problems, loss of appetite, loss of engagement, low self-regard/worthlessness, difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness, or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral discontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings that are seen with adults.[1] Children who are under stress, experiencing loss or grief, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with mental disorders outside of other mood disorders, most commonly anxiety disorder and conduct disorder. Highlighting the pivotal role of adolescence and young adulthood, the National Alliance on Mental Illness reports that 75 percent of mental health disorders commence by age 24, emphasizing the urgency of addressing youth mental health challenges.[2][3] Depression also tends to run in families.[4] In a 2016 Cochrane review,[5] cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy demonstrated small positive benefits in the prevention of depression.[6] Psychologists have developed different treatments to assist children and adolescents suffering from depression, though the legitimacy of the diagnosis of childhood depression as a psychiatric disorder, as well as the efficacy of various methods of assessment and treatment, remains controversial.
^Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J, Dahl RE, et al. (November 1996). "Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 35 (11): 1427–1439. doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011. PMID 8936909. S2CID 11623499.
^"What Causes Mental Illness in Youth?". 23 March 2022.
^"What Causes Mental Illness in Adolescence". 15 November 2018.
^American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. The Depressed Child, "Facts for Families," No. 4 (5/08)
^"About the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | Cochrane Library". www.cochranelibrary.com. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
^Hetrick SE, Cox GR, Witt KG, Bir JJ, Merry SN (August 2016). "Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (8): CD003380. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003380.pub4. PMC 8407360. PMID 27501438.
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