Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and household dysfunction during childhood. The categories are verbal abuse, physical abuse, contact sexual abuse, a battered mother, household substance abuse, household mental illness, incarcerated household members, and parental separation or divorce. The experiences chosen were based upon prior research that has shown to them to have significant negative health or social implications, and for which substantial efforts are being made in the public and private sector to reduce their frequency of occurrence.[1] Scientific evidence is mounting that such adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a profound long-term effect on health. Research shows that exposure to abuse and to serious forms of family dysfunction in the childhood family environment are likely to activate the stress response, thus potentially disrupting the developing nervous, immune, and metabolic systems of children.[2][3][4] ACEs are associated with lifelong physical and mental health problems that emerge in adolescence and persist into adulthood,[5] including cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, autoimmune diseases, substance abuse, and depression.[6][7][8]
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^De Bellis, Michael D; Keshavan, Matcheri S; Clark, Duncan B; Casey, B.J; Giedd, Jay N; Boring, Amy M; Frustaci, Karin; Ryan, Neal D (1999). "Developmental traumatology part II: brain development∗∗See accompanying Editorial, in this issue". Biological Psychiatry. 45 (10): 1271–1284. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00045-1. PMID 10349033. S2CID 14102617.
^Stein, M. B.; Koverola, C.; Hanna, C.; Torchia, M. G.; McClarty, B. (1997). "Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse". Psychological Medicine. 27 (4): 951–959. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005242. PMID 9234472. S2CID 25568605.
^Teicher, Martin H.; Ito, Yutaka; Glod, Carol A.; Andersen, Susan L.; Dumont, Natalie; Ackerman, Erika (1997). "Preliminary Evidence for Abnormal Cortical Development in Physically and Sexually Abused Children Using EEG Coherence and MRI". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 821 (1 Psychobiology): 160–175. Bibcode:1997NYASA.821..160T. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48277.x. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 9238202. S2CID 22071180.
^"Adverse childhood experiences: what support do young people need?". NIHR Evidence. 2022-06-08. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_51024. S2CID 251774877.
^Kalmakis, Karen A.; Chandler, Genevieve E. (2015). "Health consequences of adverse childhood experiences: A systematic review". Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 27 (8): 457–465. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12215. ISSN 2327-6924. PMID 25755161. S2CID 205216619.
^Hughes, Karen; Bellis, Mark A; Hardcastle, Katherine A; Sethi, Dinesh; Butchart, Alexander; Mikton, Christopher; Jones, Lisa; Dunne, Michael P (2017). "The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Public Health. 2 (8): e356–e366. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4. PMID 29253477. S2CID 3217580.
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Dube, Shanta R.; Cook, Michelle L.; Edwards, Valerie J. (2010). "Health-related outcomes of adverse childhood experiences in Texas, 2002". Preventing Chronic Disease. 7 (3): A52. ISSN 1545-1151. PMC 2879984. PMID 20394691.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Dube, Shanta R.; Cook, Michelle L.; Edwards, Valerie J. (2010). "Health-related outcomes of adverse childhood experiences in Texas, 2002". Preventing Chronic Disease. 7 (3): A52. ISSN 1545-1151. PMC 2879984. PMID 20394691.
