Multiple ways for multi-joint objects to realize a movement
In neuroscience and motor control , the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple one-to-one correspondence exists between a motor problem (or task) and a motor solution to the problem. The motor equivalence problem was first formulated by the Russian neurophysiologist Nikolai Bernstein: "It is clear that the basic difficulties for co-ordination consist precisely in the extreme abundance of degrees of freedom, with which the [nervous] centre is not at first in a position to deal."[1]
Although the question of how the nervous system selects which particular degrees of freedom (DOFs) to use in a movement may be a problem to scientists, the abundance of DOFs is almost certainly an advantage to the mammalian and the invertebrate nervous systems.[2] The human body has redundant anatomical DOFs (at muscles and joints), redundant kinematic DOFs (movements can have different trajectories, velocities, and accelerations and yet achieve the same goal), and redundant neurophysiological DOFs (multiple motoneurons synapsing on the same muscle, and vice versa).[1][3] How the nervous system "chooses" a subset of these near-infinite DOFs is an overarching difficulty in understanding motor control and motor learning.
^ abBernstein, Nikolai (1967). The Coordination and Regulation of Movements. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
^Flash, Tamar; Hochner, Binyamin (2005). "Motor primitives in vertebrates and invertebrates". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 15 (6): 660–666. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.011. PMID 16275056. S2CID 5815716.
^Scott, Stephen (2004). "Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (7): 534–546. doi:10.1038/nrn1427. PMID 15208695. S2CID 708532.
and 23 Related for: Degrees of freedom problem information
In neuroscience and motor control , the degreesoffreedomproblem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals...
Six degreesoffreedom (6DOF), or sometimes six degreesof movement, refers to the six mechanical degreesoffreedomof movement of a rigid body in three-dimensional...
Gimbal lock is the loss of one degreeoffreedom in a multi-dimensional mechanism at certain alignments of the axes. In a three-dimensional three-gimbal...
arbitrio – early treatise about the freedomof will by Augustine of Hippo Free will theorem Locus of control Problemof mental causation Prospection Superdeterminism...
simultaneously lead to another problem: that the number of variables would increase and thus reduce degreesoffreedom. Christopher H. Achen and Duncan...
causal claims is limited by low degreesoffreedom, methodologists widely reject that the "degreesoffreedom" problem applies to research that uses process-tracing...
formalism that generalizes the equilibrium point solution – to the degreesoffreedomproblem – to movement trajectories. Active inference is related to optimal...
number of the degreesoffreedomof the static equilibrium problem is the length of the displacement vector. By partitioning the above system of linear...
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degreeof civil liberties...
any media regardless of frontiers." This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degreesoffreedomof scientific research (known...
The problemof evil is the philosophical question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient...
simultaneously lead to another problem: that the number of variables would increase and thus reduce degreesoffreedom. In terms of case selection, KKV warn...
positives for a tested hypothesis, through leaving themselves too many degreesoffreedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such as data dredging where only...
{\displaystyle I-1} being the numerator degreesoffreedom and n T − I {\displaystyle n_{T}-I} the denominator degreesoffreedom. Using the F-distribution is a...
contains a list offreedom indices produced by several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state offreedom in the world...
project images onto a common image plane. This process has several degreesoffreedom and there are many strategies for transforming images to the common...
natural in the context of generally covariant theories as quantum gravity where the clock must be taken as one of the degreesoffreedomof the system itself...
planning (also known as the navigation problem or the piano mover's problem) is a computational problem to find a sequence of valid configurations that moves...