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Three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics
Fundamentals
Modeling
Scanning
Rendering
Printing
Primary uses
3D models
Computer-aided design
Graphic design
Video games
Visual effects
Visualization
Virtual engineering
Virtual reality
Virtual cinematography
Related topics
Computer-generated imagery (CGI)
Animation
computer
skeletal
3D display
Wire-frame model
Texture mapping
Motion capture
Crowd simulation
Global illumination
Volume rendering
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Crowd simulation is the process of simulating the movement (or dynamics) of a large number of entities or characters.[1] It is commonly used to create virtual scenes for visual media like films and video games, and is also used in crisis training,[2] architecture and urban planning,[3] and evacuation simulation.[4]
Crowd simulation may focus on aspects that target different applications. For realistic and fast rendering of a crowd for visual media or virtual cinematography, reduction of the complexity of the 3D scene and image-based rendering are used,[5] while variations (changes) in appearance help present a realistic population.[6][7]
In games and applications intended to replicate real-life human crowd movement, like in evacuation simulations, simulated agents may need to navigate towards a goal, avoid collisions, and exhibit other human-like behavior. Many crowd steering algorithms have been developed to lead simulated crowds to their goals realistically. Some more general systems are researched that can support different kinds of agents (like cars and pedestrians),[8] different levels of abstraction (like individual and continuum),[9] agents interacting with smart objects,[10] and more complex physical and social dynamics.[11]
^Thalmann, Daniel (2016). "Crowd Simulation". Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_69-1. ISBN 978-3-319-08234-9.
^http://cc.ist.psu.edu/BRIMS/archives/2007/papers/07-BRIMS-025.pdf Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine Jérôme Comptdaer, Emmanuel Chiva, Stéphane Delorme, Henri Morlaye, Jérôme Volpoët, Multi-scale behavioral models for urban crisis training simulation.
^Drettakis, George; Roussou, Maria; Reche, Alex; Tsingos, Nicolas (2007). "Design and Evaluation of a Real-World Virtual Environment for Architecture and Urban Planning" (PDF). Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 16 (3): 318–32. doi:10.1162/pres.16.3.318. S2CID 15945042.
^Gwynne, S.; Galea, E.R.; Owen, M.; Lawrence, P.J.; Filippidis, L. (1999). "A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment". Building and Environment. 34 (6): 741–9. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2.
^Thalmann, Daniel; Grillon, Helena; Maim, Jonathan; Yersin, Barbara (2009). "Challenges in Crowd Simulation". 2009 International Conference on CyberWorlds. pp. 1–12. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.365.5045. doi:10.1109/CW.2009.23. ISBN 978-1-4244-4864-7. S2CID 12214496.
^Maim, J.; Yersin, B.; Thalmann, D. (2009). "Unique Character Instances for Crowds". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 29 (6): 82–90. doi:10.1109/MCG.2009.129. PMID 24806782. S2CID 13903301.
^Sewall, Jason; Wilkie, David; Lin, Ming C. (2011). "Interactive hybrid simulation of large-scale traffic". ACM Transactions on Graphics. 30 (6): 1. doi:10.1145/2070781.2024169.
^Kallmann, Marcelo; Thalmann, Daniel (1999). "Modeling Objects for Interaction Tasks". Computer Animation and Simulation '98. Eurographics. pp. 73–86. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.550.2013. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6375-7_6. ISBN 978-3-211-83257-8.
^http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1272705 Pelechano, N. and Allbeck, J. M. and Badler, N. I. Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation. In Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation. ISBN 978-1-59593-624-0
Crowdsimulation is the process of simulating the movement (or dynamics) of a large number of entities or characters. It is commonly used to create virtual...
Studies have shown that human crowds move in ways that resemble fluid, and can be modeled by such methods as particle simulation and statistical physics. Similar...
analysis can range from video game crowdsimulation to security and surveillance. Due to population growth, crowd analysis has become a major interest...
that deal with finding better paths through graphs. Artificial 'ants'—simulation agents—locate optimal solutions by moving through a parameter space representing...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
to: Crowdsimulation technology for generating crowd-related visual effects for film and television MASSIVE (software) (Multiple Agent Simulation System...
3-D modeling). Models can also be produced procedurally or via physical simulation. Basically, a 3-D model is formed from points called vertices that define...
Jonathan Maim, Barbara Maim, Daniel Thalmann, CrowdSimulation, 2006 Helena Grillon, Daniel Thalmann, Attention Crowds, 2007 EPFL VRLab demos, YouTube Channel...
Golaem Crowd is a plug-in for Autodesk Maya that allows for the simulation of controllable character crowds based on independent agents. It is developed...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
real-time rendering. Rendering for interactive media, such as games and simulations, is calculated and displayed in real time, at rates of approximately...
two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. 3D models may be created automatically or manually...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
(CGI) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wire-frame model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowdsimulation Global illumination Volume rendering v t e...
Miarmy is a crowdsimulation plugin for Autodesk Maya to render scenes consisting of multiple moving individuals or entities. The plugin is developed by...