A concatemer is a long continuous DNA molecule that contains multiple copies of the same DNA sequence linked in series. These polymeric molecules are usually copies of an entire genome linked end to end and separated by cos sites (a protein binding nucleotide sequence that occurs once in each copy of the genome). Concatemers are frequently the result of rolling circle replication, and may be seen in the late stage of infection of bacteria by phages. As an example, if the genes in the phage DNA are arranged ABC, then in a concatemer the genes would be ABCABCABCABC and so on (assuming synthesis was initiated between genes C and A). They are further broken by ribozymes.[1]
During active infection, some species of viruses have been shown to replicate their genetic material via the formation of concatemers.[2] In the case of human herpesvirus-6, its entire genome is made over and over on a single strand. These long concatemers are subsequently cleaved between the pac-1 and pac-2 regions by ribozymes when the genome is packaged into individual virions.
Bacteriophage T4 replicating DNA was labeled with tritiated thymidine and examined by autoradiography.[3] The observed DNA replication intermediates included circular and branched circular concatemeric structures that likely arose by rolling circle replication.
When assembling concatemers from synthetic oligonucleotides, increasing salt concentration to 200 mM was found to be a major optimizing factor due to its ability to enhance ionic strength, which hastened the formation of concatemers.[4]
^Borenstein, Ronen; Frenkel, Niza (2009). "Cloning human herpes virus 6A genome into bacterial artificial chromosomes and study of DNA replication intermediates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (45): 19138–19143. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10619138B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908504106. PMC 2767366. PMID 19858479.
^Arbuckle, Jesse (2011). "The molecular biology of human herpesvirus-6 latency and telomere integration". Microbes and Infection. 13 (8–9): 731–741. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2011.03.006. PMC 3130849. PMID 21458587.
^Bernstein H, Bernstein C (July 1973). "Circular and branched circular concatenates as possible intermediates in bacteriophage T4 DNA replication". J. Mol. Biol. 77 (3): 355–61. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(73)90443-9. PMID 4580243.
^Sun, Lu; Åkerman, Björn (August 2014). "Characterization of self-assembled DNA concatemers from synthetic oligonucleotides". Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 11 (18): 66–72. doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2014.08.011. PMC 4212282. PMID 25379145.
A concatemer is a long continuous DNA molecule that contains multiple copies of the same DNA sequence linked in series. These polymeric molecules are usually...
numerous copies of the genome. Progeny ssDNA genomes are excised from this concatemer and packaged into capsids. Mature virions leave the cell by exocytosis...
copies of the original DNA in a continuous head-to-tail series called a concatemer. These linear copies can be converted to double-stranded circular molecules...
A CONCATEMER OF EGF-HOMOLOGY MODULES OF THE HUMAN LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR 1i0u: SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND BACKBONE DYNAMICS OF A CONCATEMER OF...
being present on a single linear DNA molecule called a concatemer. The end of the concatemer is cut a specific site called the pac site or packaging...
genome, core and the capsid - occurs in the nucleus of the cell. Here, concatemers of the viral genome are separated by cleavage and are placed into formed...
nuclear genome for an extended period of time through the formation of concatemers mostly organized as episomes.: 4 Genetic material from AAV vectors is...
rather one long molecule with many copies of the genome: a concatemer. These concatemers are cleaved at their cos sites as they are packaged. Packaging...
time as capsid assembly, replication of the viral DNA occurs, creating concatemers, long molecules of DNA containing numerous copies of the viral genome...
will be ligated to create a cDNA concatemer with each ditag being separated by the AE recognition site. These concatemers are then transformed into bacteria...
of next cosmid (as rolling circle replication often results in linear concatemers) is held by the terminase after the previous cosmid has been packaged...
protein periodically excises progeny ssDNA genomes from this replicative concatemer. Parvoviruses are a family of DNA viruses that have single-stranded DNA...
multi-genome length concatemers are formed, perhaps by a rolling circle mechanism of replication. When packaged, the concatemer is cut at unspecific...
in the formation of concatemers, which are long molecules that contain several repeats of a DNA sequence. These long concatemers are then cleaved between...
divided by its melting point in kelvin is always equal to approximately 2. concatemer concentration The quantity or abundance of a constituent of a mixture...
factor D'D3 assembly and structural principles for factor VIII binding and concatemer biogenesis". Blood. 133 (14): 1523–1533. doi:10.1182/blood-2018-10-876300...
transport, are necessary for wrapping the virus, and formation of EVs. DNA concatemers process the genomes, which appear in new virions, along with other enzymes...
proposed, which is based on conversion of these mixtures to circular concatemers using ligation, followed by Φ29 DNA polymerase-mediated MDA. The trace...
that while working with the host's recombination factors, work to form a concatemer by stimulating homologous recombination. These proteins may move the MRN...
using host ribosomes. Typically, the genome is replicated by use of concatemers, in which overlapping segments of DNA are made, and then put together...
leaving the host cell, virion chromosomes are packaged into capsids from concatemers of the sequence that result from rolling circle DNA replication. The...
genome which is then the template for replication in the cytoplasm. Large concatemers of viral DNA are formed by recombination in the cytoplasm. Packaging...
the non-polyadenylated RNAs. In DeepCAGE (Valen et al., 2008), the tag concatemers were sequenced at a higher throughput on the 454 “next-generation” sequencing...
many copies of the genome. Unit-length genomes are then processed from concatemers in the molecule. AFV1 has been suggested to start replication by forming...
second stage of DNA replication in the cytoplasm, ultimately forming DNA concatemers. The viral DNA is then packaged via a headful mechanism into infectious...
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