Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis, such as the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes.[1]
The chloroplasts come via endosymbiosis by engulfment of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium by the eukaryotic, already mitochondriate cell.[2] Over millions of years the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium evolved structurally and functionally, retaining its own DNA and the ability to divide by binary fission (not mitotically) but giving up its autonomy by the transfer of some of its genes to the nuclear genome.
^Kim, E., and Archibald, J. M. (2009) "Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes". In The Chloroplast, Anna Stina Sandelius and Henrik Aronsson (eds.), 1–39. Plant Cell Monographs 13. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_1 ISBN 978-3-540-68696-5
^Ochoa de Alda, Jesús A. G.; Esteban, Rocío; Diago, María Luz; Houmard, Jean (15 September 2014). "The plastid ancestor originated among one of the major cyanobacterial lineages". Nature Communications. 5: 4937. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4937O. doi:10.1038/ncomms5937. PMID 25222494.
and 25 Related for: Chloroplast membrane information
Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the...
A chloroplast (/ˈklɔːrəˌplæst, -plɑːst/) is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal...
that are sent to the outer chloroplastmembrane, plus at least one sent to the inner chloroplastmembrane. After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized...
Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis...
cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that...
reflecting a green color) held inside chloroplasts, abundant in leaf cells. In bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions...
membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. It also refers to the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes of the nuclear envelope, but is...
plasma membrane, the chloroplastmembrane, and thylakoid membranes. Carbonic anhydrases in the periplasm and also in the cytoplasm and chloroplast stroma...
are often found within cell and organelle membranes, such as the mitochondria, chloroplast, and plasma membrane. There is evidence to support that plant...
Outer membrane may refer to: Bacterial outer membrane, of a gram negative bacterium cell Outer mitochondrial membraneChloroplast outer membrane, of plant...
Na+/K+-ATPase Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase Proton pump F-type ATPase; ("F" related to factor), including: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase1...
resolution 13-C NMR spectra of chloroplasts. This in turn plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes.: 193–5 Most naturally occurring...
eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate...
membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of...
Yashroy, R. C. (1990). "Lamellar dispersion and phase separation of chloroplastmembrane lipids by negative staining electron microscopy". Journal of Biosciences...
ATP production in mitochondria, chloroplasts and many bacteria and archaea. The movement of ions across the membrane depends on a combination of two factors:...
for their involvement in each of these processes. For instance, a chloroplastmembrane-associated protein, MFP1, determines the sites of granule initiation...
imported to the stromal compartment of chloroplasts from the cytosol by crossing the outer chloroplastmembrane. The enzymatically active substrate (ribulose...
"stigma" located in the outermost portion of the chloroplast, directly underneath the two chloroplastmembranes. The stigma is made of tens to several hundreds...
loss of chlorophyll pigments and incomplete differentiation of chloroplastmembranes. Albinism in plants interferes with photosynthesis, which can reduce...
YashRoy R.C. (1990). "Lamellar dispersion and phase separation of chloroplastmembrane lipids by negative staining electron microscopy" (PDF). Journal of...
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