Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
Illustration of a eukaryotic cell membraneComparison of a eukaryotic vs. a prokaryotic cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).[1][2] The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment.[3] Glycolipids embedded in the outer lipid layer serve a similar purpose. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell, being selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules.[4] In addition, cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall and the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx, as well as the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.[5][6][7][8]
^Kimball's Biology pages Archived 2009-01-25 at the Wayback Machine, Cell Membranes
^Singleton P (1999). Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine (5th ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-98880-9.
^Tom Herrmann; Sandeep Sharma (March 2, 2019). "Physiology, Membrane". StatPearls. 1 SIU School of Medicine 2 Baptist Regional Medical Center. PMID 30855799.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3. Archived from the original on 2017-12-20.
^Budin I, Devaraj NK (January 2012). "Membrane assembly driven by a biomimetic coupling reaction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (2): 751–3. doi:10.1021/ja2076873. PMC 3262119. PMID 22239722.
^Staff (January 25, 2012). "Chemists Synthesize Artificial Cell Membrane". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
^Staff (January 26, 2012). "Chemists create artificial cell membrane". kurzweilai.net. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
^Zeidi, Mahdi; Kim, Chun IL (2018). "The effects of intra-membrane viscosity on lipid membrane morphology: complete analytical solution". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 12845. Bibcode:2018NatSR...812845Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31251-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6110749. PMID 30150612.
cellmembrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that...
cell, typical values of membrane potential, normally given in units of milli volts and denoted as mV, range from –80 mV to –40 mV. All animal cells are...
and the blood. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules. The cellmembrane is composed of proteins and lipids...
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell...
an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration...
A biological membrane, biomembrane or cellmembrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment...
on their location. Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a cellmembrane and can either penetrate the membrane (transmembrane) or associate...
mainly toward the nucleus of cell and SER towards the cellmembrane or plasma membrane of cell. The outer (cytosolic) face of the RER is studded with...
contain cellmembrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron...
acid tails. The plasma membrane that surrounds all biological cells is an example of a phospholipid bilayer. The plasma membrane is very specific in its...
freely across the bi-lipid layer of the plasma membrane, so their action is mediated by a cellmembrane bound receptor. On the other hand, liposoluble...
Cell theory has its origins in seventeenth century microscopy observations, but it was nearly two hundred years before a complete cellmembrane theory...
cell nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus 'kernel, seed'; pl.: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually...
membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cellmembranes of...
in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell'smembrane potential. There are currently three known types of photoreceptor cells in mammalian...
(GE), further modified the original fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte. Three years later another...
particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. Biological membranes include cellmembranes (outer coverings...
A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such...
biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cellmembrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against...
envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses...
(/ˈvækjuːoʊl/) is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially...
bacterial cell and a typical human cell (assuming both cells are spheres) : The cell envelope is composed of the cellmembrane and the cell wall. As in...
eukaryotic cells by the absence of a cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, making them...
out of the cell and the cell shrinks. In doing so, the cell becomes flaccid. In extreme cases, the cell becomes plasmolyzed – the cellmembrane disengages...
In biology, membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cellmembrane or a synthetic lipid membrane. Lipid packing can influence...
An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. This depolarization then causes adjacent locations...
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cellmembrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes...
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