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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Sound change and alternation
Metathesis
Quantitative metathesis
Lenition
Consonant gradation
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Assibilation
Spirantization
L-vocalization
Debuccalization
Fortition
Epenthesis
Prothesis
Paragoge
Unpacking
Vowel breaking
Elision
Apheresis
Syncope
Apocope
Haplology
Cluster reduction
Transphonologization
Compensatory lengthening
Nasalization
Tonogenesis
Floating tone
Assimilation
Fusion
Coarticulation
Palatalization
Velarization
Labialization
Final devoicing
Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut)
Consonant harmony
Dissimilation
Sandhi
Liaison, linking R
Consonant mutation
Tone sandhi
Vowel hiatus
Synalepha
Elision
Crasis
Synaeresis and diaeresis
Synizesis
Other types
Apophony
Affrication
Gemination
Clipping
Fronting
Raising
Betacism
Iotacism
Fusion
Merger
Compensatory lengthening
Monophthongization
Rhotacism
Rhinoglottophilia
Sulcalization
Shm-reduplication
Consonant mutation
Vowel shift
Chain shift
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t
e
In historical linguistics, a chain shift is a set of sound changes in which the change in pronunciation of one speech sound (typically, a phoneme) is linked to, and presumably causes, a change in pronunciation of other sounds.[1] The sounds involved in a chain shift can be ordered into a "chain" in such a way that after the change is complete, each phoneme ends up sounding like what the phoneme before it in the chain sounded like before the change.[specify] The changes making up a chain shift, interpreted as rules of phonology, are in what is termed counterfeeding order.[clarification needed]
A well-known example is the Great Vowel Shift, which was a chain shift that affected all of the long vowels in Middle English.[2] The changes to the front vowels may be summarized as follows:
aː → eː → iː → aɪ
A drag chain or pull chain is a chain shift in which the phoneme at the "leading" edge of the chain changes first.[3] In the example above, the chain shift would be a pull chain if /i:/ changed to /aɪ/ first, opening up a space at the position of [i], which /e:/ then moved to fill. A push chain is a chain shift in which the phoneme at the "end" of the chain moves first: in this example, if /aː/ moved toward [eː], a "crowding" effect would be created and /e:/ would thus move toward [i], and so forth.[3] It is not known which phonemes changed first during the Great Vowel Shift; many scholars believe the high vowels such as /i:/ started the shift, but some suggest that the low vowels, such as /aː/, may have shifted first.[4]
^Murray, Robert (2001). "Historical linguistics: The study of language change". In W. O'Grady; J. Archibald; M. Aronoff; J. Rees-Miller (eds.). Contemporary Linguistics An Introduction. Bedford St. Martin. pp. 287–346. ISBN 0-312-24738-9.
^Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert (1993). An Introduction to Language. Harcourt Brace. pp. 326–327. ISBN 0-03-054983-3.
^ abŁubowicz, Anna (2011). "Chain shifts". The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. pp. 1–19. doi:10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0073. ISBN 9781444335262.
^Winkler, Elizabeth Grace (2007). Understanding Language. London: Continuum. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8264-84826.
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. In historical linguistics, a chainshift is a set of sound changes in which the change in pronunciation of one...
elsewhere in the Midwest. The Northern Cities Vowel Shift or simply Northern Cities Shift is a chainshift of vowels and the defining accent feature of the...
spirant law Canaanite shift Cot-caught merger Dahl's law Grassmann's law Great Vowel Shift (English) Grimm's law High German consonant shift Kluge's law Phonetic...
or it can be a chainshift. One of the several major vowel shifts that is currently underway in the US is the Northern Cities Vowel Shift. This change pattern...
Canaanite ShiftChainshift "The Chaos"—a poem using the irregularity of English spelling and pronunciation Grimm's law High German consonant shift History...
restructuring, not a small degree of sound change. For example, chainshifts such as the Great Vowel Shift (in which nearly all of the vowels of the English language...
The low-back-merger shift is a chainshift of vowel sounds found in several dialects of North American English, beginning in the last quarter of the 20th...
General or Western American accent. A distinctive chainshift of vowel sounds, the California Vowel Shift, was first noted by linguists in the 1980s in southern...
derailleurs typically consist of a moveable chain-guide that is operated remotely by a Bowden cable attached to a shifter mounted on the down tube, handlebar...
The High German consonant shift is a good example of a chainshift, as was its predecessor, the first Germanic consonant shift. For example, phases 1 and...
where the shift occurs, it also gives historical linguists reason to suppose that other shifts may have taken place. Chainshift Great Vowel Shift Woodard...
Drag chain may refer to: Cable carrier in moving machinery Drag conveyor, for moving bulk material A type of chainshift in linguistics Part of a dragline...
reconstruction *h₃ewis. In the Anatolian languages Lycian and Carian, there was a chainshift such that *h₂ > k > c. In other words, PIE *h₂ is reflected as /k/ in...
Received Pronunciation equivalents. However, a recent short-front vowel chainshift has resulted in younger generations having lower positions than this...
A shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip-flops where the output of one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next. They...
Preserved as r: *ijuŋ > irl "nose" The loss of *k led to a pull chainshift. Subsequently, *t shifted to k except if the *t was directly preceded by original...
and *ṯnataimi. Compare also Aramic tinyânâ "the second one", without the shift. Aquitanian *l changed to the tapped r between vowels in Basque. It can...
of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel ChainShift". Journal of Jewish Languages. 5 (1): 81–103. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340078...
stationary distribution, and the Markov chain transition. Let T : Ω → Ω {\displaystyle T:\Omega \to \Omega } be the shift operator: T ( X 0 , X 1 , … ) = (...
or truck transmission Shifter (bicycle part), or gear lever, a bicycle part that selects which gear the chain rests on Shifter (tool), an adjustable wrench/spanner...
Markov measure, which is an extension of a Markov chain to the topology of the shift. A Markov chain is a pair (P, π) consisting of the transition matrix...
stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chainshift, meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were...
Korean Vowel Shift between the 13th and 15th centuries, a chainshift involving five of these vowels. William Labov found that this proposed shift followed...
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