Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
The High German languages are subdivided into Upper German (green) and Central German (cyan), and are distinguished from Low German (yellow) and the Low Franconian languages. The main isoglosses – the Benrath and Speyer lines – are marked in green. This map shows the modern boundaries of the languages after 1945.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases. It probably began between the 3rd and 5th centuries and was almost complete before the earliest written records in High German were produced in the 8th century. From Proto-Germanic, the resulting language, Old High German (henceforth, OHG), can be neatly contrasted with the other continental West Germanic languages, which for the most part did not experience the shift, and with Old English, which remained unaffected.
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Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Namibia. HighGerman is marked by the HighGermanconsonantshift, separating it from Low German (Low Saxon) and Low Franconian...
dominated by the geographical spread of the HighGermanconsonantshift, and the dialect continuum that connects German to the neighboring varieties of Low Franconian...
As a Central German dialect bordering Low German regions, Berlin German does not exhibit all features of the HighGermanconsonantshift, retaining some...
the HighGermanconsonantshift to a lesser degree than Upper German. It is spoken in the linguistic transition region separated from Northern Germany (Low...
supra-regional form of German, Old HighGerman encompasses the numerous West Germanic dialects that had undergone the set of consonantal changes called the...
where it crosses the Rhine. The HighGermanconsonantshift (3rd to 9th centuries AD), in which the (northern) Low German dialects for the most part did...
Low German has not undergone the HighGermanconsonantshift, as opposed to Standard HighGerman, which is based on HighGerman dialects. Low German evolved...
Canaanite Shift Chain shift "The Chaos"—a poem using the irregularity of English spelling and pronunciation Grimm's law HighGermanconsonantshift History...
alveolo-palatal consonant [ɕ] or [ʑ] unlike the voiceless alveolar sibilant /s/ that had developed in the HighGermanconsonantshift. In the Late Middle...
West Central German (German: Westmitteldeutsch) belongs to the Central, HighGerman dialect family of German. It includes the following sub-families:...
High Alemannic dialects is the completion of the HighGermanconsonantshift, for instance chalt [xalt] 'cold' vs. Low Alemannic and standard German 'kalt'...
grade of the HighGermanconsonantshift: Meißen dialect, which remained in the former margraviate after the development of the New HighGerman standard variety...
Forest in Germany). Complete the HighGermanconsonantshift by fricativising initial /k/ to [x]. Subvariants: Bernese German Zürich German Vorarlbergisch...
Langobardic (German: Langobardisch), extinct around 1000, has undergone the HighGermanconsonantshift, it is also often classified as Upper German. A competing...
of the early languages except for Gothic) Great Vowel Shift (English) HighGermanconsonantshift Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (attested in Old English...
spirant law Canaanite shift Cot-caught merger Dahl's law Grassmann's law Great Vowel Shift (English) Grimm's law HighGermanconsonantshift Kluge's law Phonetic...
Plautdietsch has a Low German base, and as such, it does not show the effects of the HighGermanconsonantshift. This distinguished the HighGerman dialects from...
into East Central German. The difference is that the East Low German varieties have not been affected by the HighGermanconsonantshift. The areas affected...
dialects. Most Swiss German dialects have completed the HighGermanconsonantshift. Unlike Standard German, which has only shifted t to [t͡s] or [s] and...
development of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) and related Old Frisian, the HighGermanconsonantshift, and the relatively conservative (in respect to common West Germanic)...
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