Cervical cancer staging is the assessment of cervical cancer to determine the extent of the spread of cancer beyond the cervix.[12] This is important for determining how serious the cancer is and to create the best treatment plan.[13]
Cervical cancer is a type of gynecological cancer that begins from cells lining the cervix, the lower part of the uterus.[14] Cervical cancer begins when the cells that line the cervix become abnormal and grow in a pattern that is atypical for non-cancerous cells.[14] Cervical cancer is typically first identified with an abnormal pap smear.[14] The final diagnosis of cervical cancer, including the stage of the cancer, is confirmed with additional testing.[12]
Cancer staging is determined by where the tumor is located, the size of the tumor, and how much the tumor has spread beyond where it originally began, such as to nearby lymph nodes or different parts of the body.[13]
Cancer staging is described on a spectrum from stage 0 to stage IV. Stage 0 describes pre-cancerous or non-invasive types of tumors. Stage IV is used to describe cancers that have spread throughout a significant part of the body. In general, the greater the stage of cancer, the more aggressive the disease and the worse the prognosis.[13]
Cervical cancer staging is described by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO).[12][15] In 2018, FIGO released the most recent guidelines for cervical cancer staging.[16] These guidelines recommend the use of various physical examinations, types of imaging, and biopsies to determine the stage of cervical cancer.[16]
^"CERVICAL | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^ abcde"Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
^World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.12. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
^ ab"Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 718–721. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.
^Kufe D (2009). Holland-Frei cancer medicine (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 1299. ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015.
^Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S (2007). "The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer". Disease Markers. 23 (4): 213–227. doi:10.1155/2007/914823. PMC 3850867. PMID 17627057.
^"Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines". National Cancer Institute. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^"Global Cancer Facts & Figures 3rd Edition" (PDF). 2015. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
^ abSung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (May 2021). "Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 71 (3): 209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660. PMID 33538338. S2CID 231804598.
^ abc"Cervical Cancer Stages". www.cancer.org. Archived from the original on 2017-01-21. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
^ abc"Staging". National Cancer Institute. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
^ abc"What Is Cervical Cancer? | Types of Cervical Cancer". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
^"Cervical Cancer Stages - NCI". www.cancer.gov. 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
^ abBhatla, Neerja; Aoki, Daisuke; Sharma, Daya Nand; Sankaranarayanan, Rengaswamy (2018). "Cancer of the cervix uteri". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 143 (S2): 22–36. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12611. ISSN 1879-3479. PMID 30306584.
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