Non-ovarian origin: most epithelial ovarian cancers and epithelial–stromal ovarian tumors[3]
Risk factors
Never having children, hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, obesity, genetics[4][5][6]
Diagnostic method
Tissue biopsy[1]
Treatment
Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy[1]
Prognosis
Five-year survival rate c. 49% (US)[7]
Frequency
1.2 million (2015)[8]
Deaths
161,100 (2015)[9]
Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor of an ovary.[10] It may originate from the ovary itself or more commonly from communicating nearby structures such as fallopian tubes or the inner lining of the abdomen.[3][11] The ovary is made up of three different cell types including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells.[12] When these cells become abnormal, they have the ability to divide and form tumors. These cells can also invade or spread to other parts of the body.[13] When this process begins, there may be no or only vague symptoms.[1] Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses.[1][14] These symptoms may include bloating, vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling, constipation, and loss of appetite, among others.[1] Common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.[15]
The risk of ovarian cancer increases with age. Most cases of ovarian cancer develop after menopause.[16] It is also more common in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime.[17] This includes those who have never had children, those who began ovulation at a younger age and those who reach menopause at an older age.[5] Other risk factors include hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, and obesity.[4][6] Factors that decrease risk include hormonal birth control, tubal ligation, pregnancy, and breast feeding.[6] About 10% of cases are related to inherited genetic risk; women with mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 have about a 50% chance of developing the disease.[5] Some family cancer syndromes such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome also increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer.[16] Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer, comprising more than 95% of cases.[5] There are five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of which high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common.[5] Less common types of ovarian cancer include germ cell tumors[18] and sex cord stromal tumors.[5] A diagnosis of ovarian cancer is confirmed through a biopsy of tissue, usually removed during surgery.[1]
Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery, which is accompanied by its own risks.[19] Those at very high risk may have their ovaries removed as a preventive measure.[4] If caught and treated in an early stage, ovarian cancer is often curable.[1] Treatment usually includes some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.[1] Outcomes depend on the extent of the disease, the subtype of cancer present, and other medical conditions.[5][20] The overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 49%.[7] Outcomes are worse in the developing world.[5]
In 2020, new cases occurred in approximately 313,000 women.[21] In 2019 it resulted in 13,445 deaths in the United States.[22] Death from ovarian cancer increased globally between 1990 and 2017 by 84.2%.[23] Ovarian cancer is the second-most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. It causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system.[24] Among women it ranks fifth in cancer-related deaths.[25] The typical age of diagnosis is 63.[2] Death from ovarian cancer is more common in North America and Europe than in Africa and Asia.[5] In the United States, it is more common in White and Hispanic women than Black or American Indian women.[22]
^ abcdefghij"Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment". NCI. 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
^ ab"What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?". www.cancer.org. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
^ abc"Ovarian Cancer Prevention". NCI. 6 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
^ abcdefghiWorld Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.12. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016.
^ abc"Ovarian Cancer Prevention". NCI. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
^ ab"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer". NCI. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
^GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
^WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction". Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9.
^"Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
^"What is Ovarian Cancer | Ovarian Tumors and Cysts". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^"Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ (March 2016). "A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 50 (3): 384–394. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023. PMID 26541098.
^Ruddon RW (2007). Cancer Biology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-19-517543-1. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015.
^ ab"Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^Armstrong DK (2020). "189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer". In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1332–1335. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1.
^Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, et al. (May 2020). "Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review". Cancers. 12 (6): 1398. doi:10.3390/cancers12061398. PMC 7353025. PMID 32485873.
^Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (February 2018). "Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 319 (6): 588–594. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21926. PMID 29450531.
^Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM (2016). "The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years". Frontiers in Oncology. 6: 63. doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00063. PMC 4805611. PMID 27047797.
^"Ovarian cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund International". WCRF International. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ ab"USCS Data Visualizations". gis.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^Zhou Z, Wang X, Ren X, Zhou L, Wang N, Kang H. Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer From 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Front Public Health. 2021 Sep 17;9:619581. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.619581. PMID 34604147; PMCID: PMC8484795.
^"Ovarian Cancer Statistics | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^"Ovarian Cancer Statistics | How Common is Ovarian Cancer". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
Ovariancancer is a cancerous tumor of an ovary. It may originate from the ovary itself or more commonly from communicating nearby structures such as fallopian...
Polycystic ovary syndrome, or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The syndrome is...
inflammatory disease may also result in cysts. Rarely, cysts may be a form of ovariancancer. Diagnosis is undertaken by pelvic examination with an ultrasound or...
alongside the lateral wall of the uterus in a region called the ovarian fossa. The ovarian fossa is the region that is bounded by the external iliac artery...
Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) or squamous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is a rare tumor that accounts for 1% of ovariancancers. Included in the World...
list of notable people who have or had ovariancancer, whose illness attracted publicity. Ovariancancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary. It results...
EOCs are the most common type of ovariancancer, representing approximately 90% of ovariancancers. In serous ovarian carcinomas, a sub-category constituting...
XX (November 2008). "Ovarian ageing, follicle depletion, and cancer: a hypothesis for the aetiology of epithelial ovariancancer involving follicle depletion"...
Gynecologic cancer is a type of cancer that affects the female reproductive system, including ovariancancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and...
benign. It has a very superficial resemblance to the most common type of ovariancancer (serous carcinoma of the ovary) under the microscope; however, (1) it...
if the ovaries are surgically removed, as can be done to treat ovarian or uterine cancer. Demographically, the vast majority of data available is in postmenopausal...
focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovariancancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. As specialists...
gastric cancer is 56 years of age with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma being the most commonly reported pathology. HNPCC-associated ovariancancers have an...
diagnosed with ovariancancer in 2011. In October 2016, a St. Louis jury awarded $70.1 million to a Californian woman with ovariancancer who had used Johnson's...
genes may produce a hereditary breast–ovariancancer syndrome in affected persons. Only 5–10% of breast cancer cases in women are attributed to BRCA1...
as an iconic figure in the history of American comedy. She died from ovariancancer in 1989. Her autobiography dealt frankly with her life, work, and personal...
types of cancers, notably some types of ovariancancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and brain cancer. Endometriosis is unrelated to endometrial cancer. Rarely...
OvarianCancer Action is a charity based in the United Kingdom that funds scientific research both nationally and internationally. Nationally, the organisation...
injection into a vein (intravenous) and used for colon cancer, lung cancer, ovariancancer, glioblastoma, and renal-cell carcinoma. In many of these diseases it...
advanced ovariancancer who have already been treated with at least two chemotherapies and have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation. In colon cancer, epigenetic...
Primary peritoneal cancer or carcinoma is also known as serous surface papillary carcinoma, primary peritoneal carcinoma, extra-ovarian serous carcinoma...
Tumors OvarianCancer Pancreatic Cancer Pediatric Cancer & Blood Disorders Penile Cancer Prostate Cancer Sarcoma & Other Soft Tissue Tumors Skin Cancers other...
death from ovariancancer led to his active involvement in promoting cancer awareness and treatment, helping found the Gilda Radner OvarianCancer Detection...
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Bertrand, who was diagnosed with ovariancancer in 1999, also founded the Give Love Give Life organization with Trudell;...
com/health/breast-cancer-treatment/AT99999PAGE=AT000[permanent dead link] "Survival Rates for OvarianCancer, by Stage". American Cancer Society. Tropé,...