For the Mamluk sultanate of Delhi, see Mamluk dynasty (Delhi).
Mamluk Sultanate
سلطنة المماليك(Arabic) Salṭanat al-Mamālīk
1250–1517
Flags according to the Catalan Atlas of c. 1375.[1]
Attributed arms of the Mamluk Sultan
(by Mecia de Viladestes map, 1413)
Extent of the Mamluk Sultanate under Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad
Status
Sultanate under the Abbasid Caliphate[2]
Capital
Cairo
Common languages
Arabic
Mamluk-Kipchak[3]
Circassian[4]
Oghuz Turkic[5]
Coptic
Aramaic
Religion
Sunni Islam (state)
Shia Islam (minority)
Alawite (minority)
Christianity (minority)
Judaism (minority)
Demonym(s)
Mamluk
Caliph
• 1261
Al-Mustansir (first)
• 1262–1302
Al-Hakim I
• 1406–1414
Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in
• 1508–1516
Al-Mutawakkil III (last)
Sultan
• 1250
Shajar al-Durr (first)
• 1250–1257
Izz al-Din Aybak
• 1260–1277
Baibars
• 1516–1517
Tuman bay II (last)
History
• Murder of Turanshah
2 May 1250
• Ottoman conquest of Cairo
22 January 1517
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Abbasid Caliphate
Ayyubid dynasty
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Principality of Antioch
County of Tripoli
Makuria
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Tahirids (Yemen)
Ottoman Empire
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The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as MamlukEgypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries. It was ruled by a military caste of mamluks (freed slave soldiers) headed by a sultan. The sultanate was established with the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1250 and was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Mamluk history is generally divided into the Turkic or Bahri period (1250–1382) and the Circassian or Burji period (1382–1517), called after the predominant ethnicity or corps of the ruling Mamluks during these respective eras.[6][7][8][9][10]
The first rulers of the sultanate hailed from the mamluk regiments of the Ayyubid sultan al-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), usurping power from his successor in 1250. The Mamluks under Sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed the Mongols in 1260, halting their southward expansion. They then conquered or gained suzerainty over the Ayyubids' Syrian principalities. By the end of the 13th century, through the efforts of sultans Baybars, Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) and al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), they conquered the Crusader states, expanded into Makuria (Nubia), Cyrenaica, the Hejaz, and southern Anatolia. The sultanate then experienced a long period of stability and prosperity during the third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1293–1294, 1299–1309, 1310–1341), before giving way to the internal strife characterizing the succession of his sons, when real power was held by senior emirs.
One such emir, Barquq, overthrew the sultan in 1390, inaugurating Burji rule. Mamluk authority across the empire eroded under his successors due to foreign invasions, tribal rebellions, and natural disasters, and the state entered into a long period of financial distress. Under Sultan Barsbay major efforts were taken to replenish the treasury, particularly monopolization of trade with Europe and tax expeditions into the countryside.
^Photographic extract: Mamluk Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas (1375)
^Cite error: The named reference Stilt30-1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Rabbat 2001, p. 69.
^Fischel 1967, p. 72.
^Turan, Fikret; Boeschoten, Hendrik; Stein, Heidi (2007). "The Mamluks and Their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration?". Turcologica. Harrassowitz.
^"Mamluk | Islamic dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
^"Egypt - The Mamluks, 1250-1517". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
^Setton, Kenneth M. (1969). The Later Crusades, 1189-1311. Wisconsin, USA: Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 757. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0.
^Levanoni 1995, p. 17.
^Hillenbrand, Carole (2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-7486-2572-7.
The MamlukSultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled...
notably, Mamluk factions seized the sultanate centered on Egypt and Syria, and controlled it as the MamlukSultanate (1250–1517). The MamlukSultanate famously...
The Military of the MamlukSultanate (Egyptian Arabic: جيش السلطنة المملوكية, Coptic: Ⲛⲉⲛⲁⲗⲁⲥⲱϯ ⲛ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲙⲉⲙⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓ), officially known as Al-Asakir al-Masria...
Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1250 to 1382, following the Ayyubid dynasty. The members of the Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves (mamluks) and...
the rulers of the MamlukSultanate of Egypt from 1382 until 1517. As with the preceding Bahri Mamluks, the members of the Burji Mamluk ruling class were...
on behalf of Islam as slave soldiers. In 1250, a Mamluk rose to become sultan. The MamlukSultanate survived in Egypt from 1250 until 1517, when Selim...
overthrown by slave regiments, and the MamlukSultanate was born. Military prestige was at the center of Mamluk society, and it played a key role in the...
The following is a list of Mamluk sultans. The MamlukSultanate was founded in 1250 by mamluks of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub and it succeeded the...
of Nasir ad-Din Qabacha of what would later become the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Qabacha was declared Governor of Uch in 1204. Under his...
emirs, Öljaitü decided to cross the Euphrates in 1312 to attack the MamlukSultanate. He laid siege to the heavily fortified town of Rahbat. After about...
other brother Shah Budak (r. 1465–66, 1472–80), who was backed by the MamlukSultanate. On the other hand, Shah Suwar was welcomed by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed...
Mamluk architecture was the architectural style that developed under the MamlukSultanate (1250–1517), which ruled over Egypt, the Levant, and the Hijaz...
by the Ghurid dynasty, five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq...
of law) in their major cities. Even after being toppled by the Mamluks, the sultanate built by Saladin and the Ayyubids would continue in Egypt, the Levant...
Central Asia as well as Timur's suzerainty over the MamlukSultanate, the Ottoman Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the Golden Horde were weakened after his death...
Portuguese Empire and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt and the Zamorin of Calicut. The Portuguese victory was...
I established Ottoman rule in Egypt by defeating and annexing the MamlukSultanate of Egypt and created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman...
towards the MamlukSultanate, to confront the major Islamic power. During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluks were Kipchaks...
states, almost all of which were hereditary monarchies such as the MamlukSultanate (Cairo) and Ayyubid Caliphate, have claimed to be caliphates. Not all...
Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire MamlukSultanate of Egypt, which included all of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah and Egypt...
Caliphate between 750 and 1258 and later as ceremonial rulers of the MamlukSultanate from 1261 to 1517. A subclan of the Banu Hashim descended from al-Abbas...
The Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus were a series of military expeditions launched by the MamlukSultanate into the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1424 and...
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