The BRENDA tissue ontology (BTO) represents a comprehensive structured encyclopedia. It provides terms, classifications, and definitions of tissues, organs, anatomical structures, plant parts, cell cultures, cell types, and cell lines of organisms from all taxonomic groups (animals, plants, fungi, protozoon) as enzyme sources. The information is connected to the functional data in the BRENDA ("BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase“)[1] enzyme information system.
BTO is one of the first tissue-specific ontologies in life sciences, not restricted to a specific organism or a specific organism group providing a user-friendly access to the wide range of tissue and cell-type information. Databases, such as Ontology Lookup Service or ses, such as MIRIAM Registry or of the EBI-EMBL, the TissueDistributionDB, including the Tissue Synonym Library of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg or the Bioportal platform of the National Center for Biomedical Ontology in Stanford, USA rely on BTO and implement the encyclopedia as an essential repository of information into their respective platform.
BTO enables users from medical research and pharmaceutical sciences to search for the occurrence and histological detection of disease-related enzymes in tissues, which play an important role in diagnosis, therapies, and drug development. In biochemistry and biotechnology the organism-specific tissue terms linked to enzyme functional data are an important resource for the understanding of the metabolism and regulation in life sciences. Ontologies represent classification systems that provide controlled and structured vocabularies.[2] They are important tools to illustrate and to link evolutionary correlations.
Development of BTO started in 2003, aimed to connect the biochemical and molecular biological enzyme data of BRENDA with a hierarchical and standardized collection of tissue-specific terms. The functional enzyme data and information in BRENDA have been manually annotated and structured by experts from biochemistry, biology, and chemistry. By October 2022, the BTO contained over 6,527 terms, linked to 6,065 synonyms and 5,474 definitions. The terms are classified under generic categories, rules, and formats of the Gene Ontology Consortium (GO,[3]), organized as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) created using the open-source OBO-Edit.[4] All terms from each level are directly connected the enzyme data in BRENDA. BTO is a suitable tool to distinguish between different enzymes which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.
^Chang, A., Jeske, L., Ulbrich, S., Hofmann, J., Koblitz, J., Schomburg, I., Neumann-Schaal, M., Jahn, D., Schomburg, D. (2021): „BRENDA, the ELIXIR core data resource in 2021: new developments and updates“, Nucleic Acids Res., 49 (Database issue): D498–D508
^Schomburg, I., Chang, A., Schomburg, D. (2014): „Standardization in enzymology—Data integration in the world's enzyme information system BRENDA“, Perspectives in Science, 1: 15–23
^Roncaglia, P., Martone, M.E., Hill, D.P., Berardini, T.Z., Foulger, R.E., Imam, F.T., Drabkin, H., Mungall, C.J., Lomax, J. (2013): „The Gene Ontology (GO) Cellular Component Ontology: integration with SAO (Subcellular Anatomy Ontology) and other recent developments“, J. Biomed. Semantics, 4: 20
^Smith, B., Ashburner, M., Rosse, C., Bard, J., Bug, W., Ceusters, W., Goldberg, L.J., Eilbeck, K., Ireland, A., Mungall, C.J.; OBI Consortium, Leontis, N., Rocca-Serra, P., Ruttenberg, A., Sansone, S.A., Scheuermann, R.H., Shah, N., Whetzel, P.L, Lewis, S. (2010): „The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration“, Nat. Biotechnol., 25: 1251–1255
and 24 Related for: BRENDA tissue ontology information
The BRENDAtissueontology (BTO) represents a comprehensive structured encyclopedia. It provides terms, classifications, and definitions of tissues, organs...
browser Taxonomy tree browser Ontologies for different biological domains (e.g., BRENDAtissueontology, Gene Ontology) Thesaurus for ligand names Chemical...
Semantic annotation is based on various ontologies and controlled vocabularies, including the BRENDAtissueontology and the NCBI taxonomy. The metabolite...
organisation established to implement the 1948 Treaty of Brussels BRENDAtissueontology, an encyclopedia of enzyme sources Build to order, an order-fulfillment...
peptidoglycans. It is most widely distributed in adipose, heart, and skeletal muscle tissue, as well as in lactating mammary glands. In brief, LPL is secreted from...
microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches. Animal tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms...
Tissue transglutaminase (abbreviated as tTG or TG2) is a 78-kDa, calcium-dependent enzyme (EC 2.3.2.13) of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferases...
several genes often encode different isoforms, each of which differs in its tissue distribution and enzymatic activity. The family described here bears a resemblance...
However, "Copper deficiency can lead to a reduction in catalase activity in tissues, such as heart and liver." Furthermore, the poison cyanide is a noncompetitive...
principle is used. Most tissue is more acidic than lung tissue because carbon dioxide is produced by cellular respiration in these tissues, where it reacts with...
tenderize it by affecting the myofibrils and the connective tissue, which are similar to the tissues that are broken down through mechanical tenderization....
expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with its activity found to be highest in the liver and kidney (gluconeogenic tissues), in adipose tissue and lactating...
phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme (EC 2.7.3.2) expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and uses adenosine...
This is a list of ontologies that are part of the OBO Foundry as of January 2020.[update] Hogan WR, Wagner MM, Brochhausen M, Levander J, Brown ST, Millett...
the double-tyrosine residue molecules of the various iodothyronines. In tissues, deiodinases can either activate or inactivate thyroid hormones: Activation...
is currently available. Fumarase is prevalent in both fetal and adult tissues. A large percentage of the enzyme is expressed in the skin, parathyroid...
esters amongst many proteins in addition to elastin, a type of connective tissue that holds organs together. Pancreatic elastase 1 is a serine endopeptidase...
Its presence is necessary for the production of NADPH, especially in tissues actively engaged in biosyntheses, such as fatty acid synthesis by the liver...
reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events resulting in damage to local tissues. Pepsin exhibits a broad cleavage specificity. Pepsin will digest up to...
expressed in many tissues during mouse development, and in adult shows a more limited distribution in brain and several other tissues. CPA6 is present...
debranching enzyme. These isoforms vary by size and are expressed in different tissues, such as liver and muscle. This gene has been studied in great detail,...
is expressed extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common...
Global Information