Flexible hydrogel-HA composite, which has a mineral-to-organic matrix ratio approximating that of human bone
Artificial bone refers to bone-like material created in a laboratory that can be used in bone grafts, to replace human bone that was lost due to severe fractures, disease, etc.[1]
Bone fracture, which is a complete or partial break in the bone, is a very common condition that has more than three million US cases per year.[2] Human bones have the ability to regenerate themselves by cycle of bone resorption and bone formation. The cell responsible for bone resorption is osteoclast, while the cell responsible for bone formation is osteoblast. That being said, the human body can regenerate fractured bone. However, if damage to bone is caused by a disease or severe injury, it becomes difficult for the body to repair itself. When the human body is unable to regenerate the lost bone tissue, surgeons come in and replace the missing bone using autografts, allografts, and synthetic grafts (artificial bone). When comparing artificial bone to autograft and allograft, it is less invasive and more biocompatible since it avoids the risk of unknown viral infections.[3]
The use of solid freeform fabrication in design of composite scaffolds
When designing implanted biomaterials, key criteria are biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, high porosity and biomechanics compatibility. Artificial bone was initially made of materials like metals and solid ceramics, which are strong enough to sustain the loading in bone. However, the rigidity of those materials created an enormous burden on patients and was not consistent with the criteria for implanting biomaterials. Artificial bones made of metal and ceramic tend to do poorly in terms of biocompatibility since it is difficult to blend into bone tissues.[4] Thus, to better help those in need to live a more comfortable life, engineers have been developing new techniques to produce and design better artificial bone structure and material.
The two major components of bone are hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], and collagen fibers. Hydroxyapatite, which is one of the most stable forms of calcium phosphate, makes up about 60 to 65 percent of the bone.[5] The rest of the bone is composed of materials including chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate and lipid.[5] Increased research and knowledge regarding the organization, structure of properties of collagen and hydroxyapatite have led to many developments in collagen-based scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The structure of hydroxyapatite is very similar to that of the original bone, and collagen can act as molecular cables and further improve the biocompatibility of the implant.[6]
^"ARTIFICIAL BONE GRAFTS: PRO OSTEON". Arthroscopy.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-04. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
^Kashte, Shivaji; Jaiswal, Amit Kumar; Kadam, Sachin (2017). "Shivaji Kashte, Amit Kumar Jaiswal, Sachin Kadam. (2017). Artificial Bone via Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Scenario and Challenges". Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. 14 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1007/s13770-016-0001-6. PMC 6171575. PMID 30603457.
^Saijo, Hideto; Fujihara, Yuko; Kanno, Yuki; Hoshi, Kazuto; Hikita, Atsuhiko; Chung, Ung-il; Takato, Tsuyoshi (2016). "Saijo, H., Fujihara Y., Kanno Y., Hoshi K., Hikita A., Chung U., Takato T. (2016). Clinical Experience of full custom-made artificial bones for the maxillofacial region". Regenerative Therapy. 5: 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.reth.2016.08.004. PMC 6581837. PMID 31245504.
^"Creating Artificial Bones for Faster Bone Regeneration". Tokyo Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
^ abVenkatesan, Jayachandran; Kim, Se-Kwon (2010). "Venkatesan, J., & Kim, S.-K. (2010). Chitosan Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering—An Overview". Marine Drugs. 8 (8): 2252–2266. doi:10.3390/md8082252. PMC 2953403. PMID 20948907.
^Ferreira, Ana Marina; Gentile, Piergiorgio; Chiono, Valeria; Ciardelli, Gianluca (2012). "Ferreira, A. M., Gentile, P., Chiono, V., & Ciardelli, G. (2012). Collagen for bone tissue regeneration". Acta Biomaterialia. 8 (9): 3191–3200. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.014. PMID 22705634.
Artificialbone refers to bone-like material created in a laboratory that can be used in bone grafts, to replace human bone that was lost due to severe...
foot. Cells in bone marrow Scanning electron microscope of bone at 100× magnification Structure detail of an animal boneArtificialboneBone health Distraction...
A bone tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Cancerous bone tumors...
Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health...
involves using bone grafting—either from the patient (autograft), donor (allograft), or artificialbone substitutes—to help the bones heal together. Additional...
Bone cements have been used very successfully to anchor artificial joints (hip joints, knee joints, shoulder and elbow joints) for more than half a century...
is. For example, replacement bones and joints, such as those found in hip replacements, could also be considered artificial organs. Implied by definition...
Sawbones may refer to: Sawbones, slang for a surgeon Sawbones, an artificialbone developed by Pacific Research Laboratories Sawbones (podcast), a 2013...
case of bio-printed constructs for battlefield burn repairs. Artificialbone marrow: Bone marrow cultured in vitro to be transplanted serves as a "just...
simulate the natural physiology: pubic bones, hair, labia, all natural creases and dimples, etc. The artificial vagina is currently the most researched...
structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing artificial implant ("load-bearing" as defined by Albrektsson...
refer to: Bone fracture or 'periprosthetic fracture' around an artificial joint, e.g. after a knee replacement infection around an artificial joint or...
that rattan wood would be used in a new "wood to bone" process for the production of artificialbone. The process takes small pieces of rattan and places...
A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones. It is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament...
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used in applications throughout industry and academia. Similar to electricity or computers, AI serves as a general-purpose...
Artificial intelligence in healthcare is a term used to describe the use of machine-learning algorithms and software, or artificial intelligence (AI)...
attaching the artificial limb to the body. This method is also sometimes referred to as exoprosthesis (attaching an artificial limb to the bone), or endo-exoprosthesis...
strength of the artificial ligament, and osseointegration with the surrounding bone can reduce the likelihood of graft slippage. Many artificial ligaments are...
arthritis, protrusio acetabuli, certain hip fractures, benign and malignant bone tumors, arthritis associated with Paget's disease, ankylosing spondylitis...
baculum (pl.: bacula), also known as the penis bone, penile bone, os penis, os genitale, or os priapi, is a bone in the penis of many placental mammals. It...
Artificial cranial deformation Artificial cranial deformation or modification, head flattening, or head binding is a form of body alteration in which...
stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other animals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear. This bone is connected...
Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification. Although osteoclasts are active...
a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone, however...
artificial cell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells...
artificial structure, which results in the growth of new bone. Eventually, the plastic degrades, and the structure is replaced by newly formed bone....
Artificial skin is a collagen scaffold that induces regeneration of skin in mammals such as humans. The term was used in the late 1970s and early 1980s...
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