Global InformationAluminium information
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| Aluminium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Pronunciation |
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| Alternative name | Aluminum (U.S., Canada) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | Silvery gray metallic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Al) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aluminium in the periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic number (Z) | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group | group 13 (boron group) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period | period 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Block | p-block | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 2743 K (2470 °C, 4478 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (at 20° C) | 2.699 g/cm3[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| when liquid (at m.p.) | 2.375 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 10.71 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 284 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 24.20 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | −2, −1, 0,[5] +1,[6] +2,[7] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.61 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 143 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 121±4 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 184 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordial | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lattice constant |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | 22.87×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 237 W/(m⋅K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | 26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic[8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | +16.5×10−6 cm3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 70 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 26 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 76 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | (rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.35 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 2.75 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 160–350 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 160–550 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Number | 7429-90-5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Naming | from alumine, obsolete name for alumina | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prediction | Antoine Lavoisier (1782) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | Hans Christian Ørsted (1824) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Named by | Humphry Davy (1812[a]) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isotopes of aluminium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than that of other common metals, about one-third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. Aluminium visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, nonmagnetic, and ductile. It has one stable isotope, 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the twelfth-most common element in the universe. The radioactivity of 26Al, a more unstable isotope, leads to it being used in radiometric dating.
Chemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The aluminium cation Al3+ is small and highly charged; as such, it has more polarizing power, and bonds formed by aluminium have a more covalent character. The strong affinity of aluminium for oxygen leads to the common occurrence of its oxides in nature. Aluminium is found on Earth primarily in rocks in the crust, where it is the third-most abundant element, after oxygen and silicon, rather than in the mantle, and virtually never as the free metal. It is obtained industrially by mining bauxite, a sedimentary rock rich in aluminium minerals.
The discovery of aluminium was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted. The first industrial production of aluminium was initiated by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856. Aluminium became much more available to the public with the Hall–Héroult process developed independently by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall in 1886, and the mass production of aluminium led to its extensive use in industry and everyday life. In the First and Second World Wars, aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aviation. In 1954, aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal, surpassing copper. In the 21st century, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan.
Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to metabolize aluminium salts, but this aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of the abundance of these salts, the potential for a biological role for them is of interest, and studies are ongoing.
- ^ "aluminum". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium". CIAAW. 2017.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ a b c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
- ^ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (1 December 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI 6973516.
- ^ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
- ^ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
- ^ Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0849304814.
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Mougeot, X. (2019). "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 154 (108884). doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108884.
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