In sociolinguistics, an abstand language is a language variety or cluster of varieties with significant linguistic distance from all others, while an ausbau language is a standard variety, possibly with related dependent varieties. Heinz Kloss introduced these terms in 1952 to denote two separate and largely independent sets of criteria for recognizing a "language":[1]
one based on linguistic properties compared to related varieties (German: Abstand, IPA:[ˈʔapˌʃtant]ⓘ, "distance")
the other based on sociopolitical functions (German: Ausbau, IPA:[ˈʔaʊsˌbaʊ]ⓘ, "expansion")
This framework addresses situations in which multiple varieties from a dialect continuum have been standardized, so that they are commonly considered distinct languages even though they may be mutually intelligible. The continental Scandinavian languages offer a commonly cited example of this situation. One of the applications of this theoretical framework is language standardization (examples since the 1960s including Basque and Romansh).
^Kloss 1967, p. 29.
and 27 Related for: Abstand and ausbau languages information
analytical paradigm developed by Heinz Kloss is known as the abstandandausbaulanguages framework. It has proven popular among linguists in Continental...
the 1921 Manual of Modern Scots. Abstandandausbaulanguages "A language is a dialect with an army and navy" Language secessionism Stewart (1968), p. 535...
Macedonia and Croatia), but gradually disappeared.[citation needed] Abstandandausbaulanguages Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian...
of languages by number of native speakers List of languages by total number of speakers Abstandandausbaulanguages Autonomous languageLanguage geography...
brotherhood. Bosnia and Herzegovina portal Abstandandausbaulanguages Bosniaks Dialects of Serbo-Croatian Humac tablet Hval's Codex Language secessionism in...
of the high dialect, which presently is nobody's native language. Abstandandausbaulanguages Bilingualism Code-switching Dialect continuum Post-creole...
and nation, it is called a language". Abstandandausbaulanguages Dialect continuum Language secessionism Abend, Gabriel (25 July 2023). Words and Distinctions...
OL 15295665W. The Ausbaulanguage concept was developed by linguist Heinz Kloss. See: Kloss, Heinz (1967). "AbstandlanguagesandAusbaulanguages". Anthropological...
English language acquisition was studied for immigrants of various linguistic backgrounds in the United States and Canada.[vague] Abstandandausbau languages...
Quechua. Abstandandausbaulanguages Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation Language death Language policy Inclusive language Gender-neutral...
Standard language is a variety promoted by some social group, either officially or unofficially, as the preferred form. Abstandandausbaulanguages are concepts...
considered separate languages. In the framework of Heinz Kloss, these are described as languages by ausbau (development) rather than by abstand (separation)...
Kloss, Heinz (1976). "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand-languagesandAusbau-languages]. In Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston...
Macedonian. Romanisation of Macedonian Abstandandausbaulanguages Macedonian at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148...
Kloss considered Modern Scots a Halbsprache ('half language') in terms of an abstandandausbaulanguages framework, although today in Scotland most people's...
north and more of the characteristics of Standard German the farther north one goes. In Germany and other European countries, the abstandandausbau language...
Slavic languages), it is a member of the Balkan sprachbund and South Slavic dialect continuum of the Indo-European language family. The two languages have...
(1967): "Abstand-languagesandAusbau-languages". Anthropological linguistics 9. Salminen, Tapani (1993–1999): Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe...
German, English, or Spanish. AbstandandausbaulanguagesLanguage secessionism in Serbo-Croatian Pluricentric language Mutual intelligibility "Hrvatski...
Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 110. ISBN 9780313244841. Xibe at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019) "AusbauandAbstandlanguages". ccat...
language through elaboration, and not an abstandlanguage, a language through detachment. With regard to the external and internal perception of this relation...
Kloss, Heinz (1976). "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand-languagesandAusbau-languages]. In Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston...
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