The Timucua chief Saturiwa (fl. 1562-1565) prepares his men for battle by drinking yaupon tea. Engraving by Jacques le Moyne and Theodor De Bry.
Yaupon tea (also known as "Beloved drink", "Cassina", "Big Medicine", or "White drink" by Natives; and "Black drink", "Carolina Tea", "South Seas Tea", or "Indian tea" by Europeans) is refers to several kinds of caffeinated beverages originally brewed by Native Americans in the Southeastern United States and later adopted by Europeans and Americans.[1][2][3][4] It is generally brewed from yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria), which is native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts,[2] and is related to Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and Guayusa. The Native drink may also have included the related dahoon holly (Ilex cassine) and other herbs.
A cup of contemporary American Yaupon tea which is now commercially available in the United States.
A highly concentrated yaupon beverage was used in various rituals, including purification ceremonies,[5] by Yuchi,[6] Caddo,[7] Chickasaw,[8] Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee, Timucua, Chitimacha and other Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.[2][3] Furthermore, other Native groups who did not live within the natural range of yaupon traded for it or cultivated it.[2] Its use in the ancient Mississippian metropolis of Cahokia has also been confirmed.[3] Native peoples used yaupon tea as a social drink in council meetings and it was offered to guests as a hospitable drink. They also used it as a medicinal tea.[5] It was also drunk as a daily energizing drink, and a strong version of it was drunk by men before battle.[1][3] It was known by various names, including "white drink" (due to its associations with purity), "beloved drink" (the plant being known as the "beloved tree") as well as "black drink" (mostly by Europeans, due to the color of the strong brew).[9][1]
The preparation and protocols vary between tribes and ceremonial grounds; a prominent ingredient is the roasted leaves and stems of Ilex vomitoria. In some contexts, the yaupon drink was made in a highly concentrated form that may have contained other herbs which may have had emetic properties. Fasting before ceremonies, along with excessive consumption of large quantities of the drink may have also caused the vomiting which was observed by Europeans.[5] These observations led to the association of the drink with vomiting, and also to its modern scientific name, even though the yaupon leaf has no inherent emetic properties.[10][1] However, according to the USDA, "modern chemical analysis of yaupon has found no emetic or toxic compounds, and caffeine concentrations are similar to many commercially marketed teas."[5]
Yaupon tea was adopted by European colonists (initially the Spanish in Florida) as early as the 17th century, who drank it as a normal caffeinated beverage.[5] It continued to be used by White Americans living in the American South, especially in the Carolinas. Its use mostly died out in the early 20th century, but a revival of the drink by a few small American companies is currently underway. Yaupon tea also continued to be used by various Native American tribes, like the Seminoles, who make a black drink for their annual Green Corn Ceremony (however, the drink does not always contain yaupon, since it is a blend of various plants).[5]
^ abcdCrawford, Suzanne J.; Kelley, Dennis F. American Indian Religious Traditions: An Encyclopedia (A - I, Volume 1), p. 73. ABC-CLIO, 2005.
^ abcdMerrill, William L. "The beloved tree: Ilex vomitoria among the Indians of the Southeast and adjacent regions", in Black Drink: A Native American Tea, pp. 40-82, 1979, Univ of Georgia Press.
^ abcdStirn, Matt (24 February 2021). "Yaupon: The rebirth of America's forgotten tea". BBC Travel. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^"The History of The Black Drink (Yaupon Tea)". GENTEEL & BARD. 2022-11-21. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
^Hudson, Charles M (1979). Black Drink: A Native American Tea. University of Georgia Press. p. 59.
^Hudson, Charles, M (1979). Black Drink: A Native American Tea. University of Georgia Press. pp. 70–71.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Hudson, Charles, M (1979). Black Drink: A Native American Tea. University of Georgia Press. pp. 61–62.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Hudson, Charles M (1979). Black Drink: A Native American Tea. University of Georgia Press. pp. 2, 131.
^Hudson, Charles, M (1979). Black Drink: A Native American Tea. University of Georgia Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Yaupontea (also known as "Beloved drink", "Cassina", "Big Medicine", or "White drink" by Natives; and "Black drink", "Carolina Tea", "South Seas Tea"...
for making commercial tea once again in the United States. Yaupon is also widely used for landscaping in its native range. Yaupon holly is an evergreen...
paraguariensis) Yaupontea, caffeinated leaves of the yaupon holly, native to North America Tea made from Ilex cassine, which has less caffeine than yaupon, but...
various herbal teas, the most common of which was Yaupontea, known as the "Beloved drink," "Cassina", or "White drink". It was brewed from yaupon holly (Ilex...
water to make a guayusa tea. The leaves of Ilex vomitoria, the yaupon holly tree, are placed in boiling water to make a yaupontea. Commercially prepared...
revenue. In 2020, Luckett founded Ilex Organics which partnered with YauponTea. Along with Michael J. Casey, Luckett co-wrote the 2016 Hachette book...
water to make a guayusa tea. The leaves of Ilex vomitoria, the yaupon holly tree, are placed in boiling water to make a yaupontea. Commercially prepared...
Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest. Ilex vomitoria - "Yaupon Holly", a caffeine containing plant from North America. Green tea Tam, Chun-Fung; Peng, Yong; Liang, Zhi-Tao;...
the "black drink", from the roasted leaves and stems of Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon holly). European colonists adopted this beverage as a coffee-substitute...
as well as in a number of other foods, including tea (Camellia sinensis), some American hollies (yaupon and guayusa) and the kola nut. It is a white or...
Shiu Ying Hu (2004). "The Biology of Yaupon". In Charles M. Hudson (ed.). Black drink: a native American tea. University of Georgia Press. pp. 10–39...
com Kyle White, - Venture Capital Consultant and Co-Founder of Yaupon Brothers American Tea Co. "NEW SMYRNA BEACH HIGH SCHOOL". National Center for Education...
paraguariensis) - South American caffeinated holly species used to make Mate. Yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria) - southeastern North American caffeinated holly species...
some cultures to make daily tea. These species are Yerba mate (I. paraguariensis), Ilex guayusa, Kuding (Ilex kaushue), Yaupon (I. vomitoria) and others...
includes plants used as seasoning agents in foods or beverages (including teas), plants used for herbal medicine, and plants used as incense or similar...
highly caffeinated Cassina tea, brewed from the leaves of the yaupon holly tree. The tea was consumed only by males in good status with the tribe. The...
several species in the Ilex family, including Ilex glabra, Dahoon holly, and Yaupon holly. In many areas, Cyrilla racemiflora, Lyonia fruticosa, wax myrtle...
nation Black drink or asi, a Southeastern ceremonial drink made from the yaupon holly Buffalo stew, from the Lakota and Cherokee people, also called tanka-me-a-lo...
Carolina Tea, is a caffeine-laden mixture of seven to fourteen different herbs, the main ingredient being assi-luputski, Creek for "small leaves" of Yaupon Holly...
their descendants - the Southeastern tribes. Participants drank a tea made from the Yaupon Holly from conch shell cups. Most authorities agree that the people...
Plants included in the design were cabbage palms, kumquats, marigolds, yaupon holly, and Burfordi holly, chosen because they were native to northeast...
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