This article is about a product made by bees. For the fungus genus, see Propolis (fungus).
Two bars from a top bar hive that the bees have glued together using propolis. Separating the bars will take some effort as the propolis has hardened.Propolis on the upper bar
Propolis or bee glue is a resinous mixture that honey bees produce by mixing saliva and beeswax with exudate gathered from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. It is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the beehive. Propolis is used for small gaps (around 6 mm (1⁄4 in) or less), while gaps larger than the bee space (around 9 mm (3⁄8 in)) are usually filled with burr comb. Its color varies depending on its botanical source, with dark brown as the most common. Propolis is sticky above 19 °C (66 °F), while at lower temperatures, it becomes hard and brittle.
When foraging, worker bees primarily harvest pollen and nectar, while also collecting water and plant resin necessary for the production of propolis.[1] The chemical composition and nature of propolis depend on environmental conditions and harvested resources.[2]
^Simone-Finstrom M, Spivak M (May–June 2010). "Propolis and bee health: The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees". Apidologie. 41 (3): 295–311. doi:10.1051/apido/2010016. hdl:11299/182451.
^Ferreira JM, Fernandes-Silva CC, Salatino A, Negri G, Message D (August 2017). "New propolis type from north-east Brazil: chemical composition, antioxidant activity and botanical origin". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 97 (11): 3552–3558. Bibcode:2017JSFA...97.3552F. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8210. PMID 28078783.
of propolis. The chemical composition and nature of propolis depend on environmental conditions and harvested resources. Mixed types of propolis found...
brood production. Propolis is another byproduct of the bee hive. Certain races of bees are more prone to using propolis. Propolis can be collected on...
gathers propolis to reinforce its nest, people have harvested it and discovered it to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Propolis exhibits...
Volume I, Propolis by Daniel Dw". Mythos Media & HiveTech Media. 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Braidotti, Sandro (May 11, 2015). "'"hive Propolis" — Apocalyptic...
rewards, and used by some stingless bee species in nest construction. Propolis, consisting largely of resins collected from plants such as poplars and...
alternative medicine that uses honey bee products, including honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. There has been no scientific or clinical evidence...
the hive. Propolis may cause severe allergic reactions and have adverse interactions with prescription drugs in some individuals. Propolis is also used...
unwanted open spaces in the hive. Although propolis is alleged to have health benefits (tincture of propolis is marketed as a cold and flu remedy), it...
in the wood of Salix caprea (goat willow) and in the Brazilian green propolis. Parmar, Virinder S.; Vardhan, Anand; Nagarajan, G.R.; Jain, Rajni (1992)...
covered with a thin coating of propolis, a resinous substance obtained from plants. When workers add enzymes to the propolis, the combination has antibacterial...
flavonoid. It is an antioxidant found in damiana, honey, fingerroot, and propolis. Pinocembrin can be converted biosynthetically to pinobanksin by hydroxylation...
not as suitable for comb honey production, as bees tend to collect more propolis, making the harvesting of comb honey more difficult. This problem has been...
apiarists) keep bees to collect honey and other products of the hive: beeswax, propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly. Other sources of beekeeping income include...
flowering period, as well as the resources harvested by bees (nectar, pollen, propolis, and honeydew). Each plant does not produce the same quantity or quality...
progressively yellower or browner by incorporation of pollen oils and propolis. The wax scales are about three millimetres (0.12 in) across and 0.1 mm...
(1998). "Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis)". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 36 (4): 347–363. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00145-2...
Haroun; El-Sayed (2018). "The enhancement of the Pasteurella's bacterin by propolis extracts". Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 6 (2): 208–218...
sheltered home. Honey bees produce commodities such as honey, beeswax, pollen, propolis, and royal jelly. Some beekeepers also raise queens and other bees to sell...
Chrysin, also called 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, is a flavone found in honey, propolis, the passion flowers, Passiflora caerulea and Passiflora incarnata, and...
3⁄8 in) in which bees would not build comb, nor would they close it with propolis. Modern Langstroth hives have different dimensions from L. L. Langstroth's...
commonly in hives, for millennia. Beekeepers collect honey, beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly from hives; bees are also kept to pollinate crops...
white, stone and mountain oils, Antarctic shilajit, lofor, or aqua bitum. Propolis Balsam Elaterite Wax Ozokerite Creosote Bitumen of Judea Resin Mummia Wilson...
of comb honey left on the hive for some time, caused by bees tracking propolis over the surface. Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth (1942). On Growth and Form...
Uruguay.[excessive citations] Baccharis dracunculifolia is used for green propolis production. The Plant List, Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. Cabrera, A. L...
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