Average urban water and sanitation tariff (US$/m3)
2.46 in 2006 (1.33 for water and 1.13 for sewerage)[2]
Share of household metering
100%
Share of self-financing by utilities
high
Share of tax-financing
low
Share of external financing
none
Non-revenue water
7.3% (2007)[3]
Institutions
Decentralization to municipalities
Yes
National water and sanitation company
Japan Water Agency (bulk water supplier)
Water and sanitation regulator
No
Responsibility for policy setting
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (water supply); Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (sanitation)
Sector law
Water Supply Law of 1957; Sewerage Law of 1958 (with subsequent amendments)[2]
Service providers
2,334 in 2006 (water); 3,699 in 2005 (sanitation)[2]
Water supply and sanitation in Japan is characterized by numerous achievements and some challenges. The country has achieved universal access to water supply and sanitation, has one of the lowest levels of water distribution losses in the world, regularly exceeds its own strict standards for the quality of drinking water and treated waste water, uses an effective national system of performance benchmarking for water and sanitation utilities, makes extensive use of both advanced and appropriate technologies such as the jōkasō on-site sanitation system, and has pioneered the payment for ecosystem services before the term was even coined internationally. Some of the challenges are a decreasing population, declining investment, fiscal constraints, ageing facilities, an ageing workforce, a fragmentation of service provision among thousands of municipal utilities, and the vulnerability of parts of the country to droughts that are expected to become more frequent due to climate change.
^World Health Organization; UNICEF. "Joint Monitoring Program". Retrieved 2010-12-28. World Health Organization; UNICEF (2010). "Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ abcdeMohamed Benouahi and Satoru Ueda:Accountable Water and Sanitation Governance:Japan's Experience, in:Water in the Arab World. Management Perspectives and Innovations, World Bank, 2009, p. 131–156, retrieved on January 6, 2011
^Cite error: The named reference Waterworks technologies was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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