Generally continuous, but seasonal shortages in some areas [3]
Average urban water use (liter/capita/day)
204 (2005) [4]
Average urban water and sewer bill for 20m3
US$3.5/month for water only [5][6]
Share of household metering
90% (2004) [7]
Share of collected wastewater treated
52% (2006) [8]
Annual investment in WSS
about US$10 / capita (2006) in urban areas.[9]
Share of self-financing by utilities
close to zero
Share of tax-financing
about 35% (from city budgets)
Share of internal debt financing
55-60%
Share of foreign financing
5-10%
Institutions
Decentralization to municipalities
Full
National water and sanitation company
No
Water and sanitation regulator
No
Responsibility for policy setting
The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (until 2008 the Ministry of Construction) for urban water supply; Ministry of Health for rural water supply; Ministry of Water Resources for Water Resources Management
Sector law
No
Number of urban service providers
41,663 (including small towns)
Number of rural service providers
n/a
Water supply and sanitation in China is undergoing a massive transition while facing numerous challenges such as rapid urbanization, increasing economic inequality, and the supply of water to rural areas.[10] Water scarcity and pollution also impact access to water.[11][12]
Progress has been made in the past decades, with increased access to services, increased municipal wastewater treatment, the creation of water and wastewater utilities that are legally and financially separated from local governments, and increasing cost recovery as part of the transformation of the Chinese economy to a more market-oriented system. The government quadrupled investments in the sector during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006–10).
Nevertheless, much remains to be achieved.[12] According to survey data analyzed by the Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF, about 100 million Chinese still did not have access to an improved water source in 2008, and about 460 million did not have access to improved sanitation. Progress in rural areas appears to lag behind what has been achieved in urban areas.[12] According to data presented by the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF in 2015, about 36% of the rural population in China still did not have access to improved sanitation.[1]
^ abc"Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment" (PDF). JMP (WHO and UNICEF). Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ abWASHwatch
^World Bank:Stepping up - Improving the performance of China's urban water utilities, by Greg Browder et al., 2007, p. xx
^China Development Gateway: Ensuring the Safety of Urban Water Supply, Facilitating the Frugal and Appropriate Consumption of Urban Water, Ministry of Construction, August 22, 2006 MOC Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^Calculated based on an average water use of 204 liter/capita/day, an average water tariff of US$ 0.20/m3 and an average family size of 3
^World Bank:Stepping up - Improving the performance of China's urban water utilities, by Greg Browder et al., 2007, p. xix-xx
^Chinese Waterworks Association Yearbook, 2005
^World Bank:Stepping up - Improving the performance of China's urban water utilities, by Greg Browder et al., 2007, p. xvii
^calculated based on World Bank:Stepping up - Improving the performance of China's urban water utilities, by Greg Browder et al., 2007
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