Water supply and sanitation in India information

Water supply and sanitation in India
Data
Access to an at least basic water source	97.7% (2020)
Access to at least basic sanitation	97.7% (2020) Safely Managed Sanitation: 80%; Basic Sanitation: 10%; Limited Sanitation: 7%; No access to sanitation (Open Defecation): 3%;
Share of collected wastewater treated	27% (2003)
Average urban water use (L/person/day)	126 (2006)
Share of household metering	55% in urban areas (1999)
Annual investment in WSS	US$5 / capita
Institutions
Decentralization to municipalities	Partial
National water and sanitation company	No
Water and sanitation regulator	No
Responsibility for policy setting	State Governments; Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation at the Federal Level
Sector law	No
No. of urban service providers	3,255 (1991)
No. of rural service providers	about 100,000

In 2020, 97.7% of Indians had access to the basic water and sanitation facilities.^[8] India faces challenges ranging from sourcing water for its megacities to its distribution network which is intermittent in rural areas with continuous distribution networks just beginning to emerge. Non-revenue water is a challenge.

The share of Indians with access to improved sources of water increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008 and currently stands at 97.7% in 2020.^[9] In 1980, rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1%. By 2018, it reached 95%.^[9]^[10] However, many people still lack access to water and sewage infrastructure.

^ Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines (PDF). New Delhi: NITI Aayog. 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-151289-3.
^ ^a ^b World Health Organization; UNICEF. "Joint Monitoring Program".
^ Verma, Rashmi (14 March 2019). "What's holding back India's complete ODF status?" (PDF). NITI Aayog: Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ Panse, Dayanand B. (2006). "Ecological sanitation – a need of today! Progress of EcoSan in India" (PDF). DWA, Hennef and GTZ, Eschborn. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. This figure refers to 921 Class I Cities and Class II Towns in 2003–04.
^ Cite error: The named reference WSP Kuwasip was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas". National Institute of Urban Affairs. 2005. pp. xix–xxvi, 28 – via Scribd. The evaluation is based on a survey of all 23 metropolitan cities in India (cities with more than 1 million inhabitants) and a representative sample of 277 smaller cities with an aggregate population of 140 million. The survey was carried out in 1999.
^ "Draft Report of the Steering Committee on Urban Development for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012)" (PDF). Planning Commission (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^ https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/National-Multidimentional-Poverty-Index-2023-Final-17th-July.pdf
^ ^a ^b UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation estimate for 2008 based on the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey, the 2001 census, other data and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010.
^ "NITI Aayog: Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index Report" (PDF). Planning Commission of India. p. 78. Retrieved 19 September 2010.

[NITI_Aayog_2017-1] Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines (PDF). New Delhi: NITI Aayog. 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-151289-3.

[JMP_UNICEF-2] World Health Organization; UNICEF. "Joint Monitoring Program".

[3] Verma, Rashmi (14 March 2019). "What's holding back India's complete ODF status?" (PDF). NITI Aayog: Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

[Panse_2006-4] Panse, Dayanand B. (2006). "Ecological sanitation – a need of today! Progress of EcoSan in India" (PDF). DWA, Hennef and GTZ, Eschborn. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. This figure refers to 921 Class I Cities and Class II Towns in 2003–04.

[WSP_Kuwasip-5] Cite error: The named reference WSP Kuwasip was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[National_Institute_of_Urban_Affairs_2005-6] "Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas". National Institute of Urban Affairs. 2005. pp. xix–xxvi, 28 – via Scribd. The evaluation is based on a survey of all 23 metropolitan cities in India (cities with more than 1 million inhabitants) and a representative sample of 277 smaller cities with an aggregate population of 140 million. The survey was carried out in 1999.

[Planning_Commission-7] "Draft Report of the Steering Committee on Urban Development for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012)" (PDF). Planning Commission (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.

[8] ttps://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/National-Multidimentional-Poverty-Index-2023-Final-17th-July.pdf

[JMP-9] UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation estimate for 2008 based on the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey, the 2001 census, other data and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010.

[10] "NITI Aayog: Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index Report" (PDF). Planning Commission of India. p. 78. Retrieved 19 September 2010.

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Data
Access to an at least basic water source	97.7% (2020)^[1]^[2]
Access to at least basic sanitation	97.7% (2020)^[3]^[2] Safely Managed Sanitation: 80% Basic Sanitation: 10% Limited Sanitation: 7% No access to sanitation (Open Defecation): 3%
Share of collected wastewater treated	27% (2003)^[4]
Average urban water use (L/person/day)	126 (2006)^[5]
Share of household metering	55% in urban areas (1999)^[6]
Annual investment in WSS	US$5 / capita^[7]
Institutions
Decentralization to municipalities	Partial
National water and sanitation company	No
Water and sanitation regulator	No
Responsibility for policy setting	State Governments; Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation at the Federal Level
Sector law	No
No. of urban service providers	3,255 (1991)
No. of rural service providers	about 100,000