Percentage of population receiving fluoridated water, including both artificial and natural fluoridation, as of 2012:[1]
80–100%
60–80%
40–60%
20–40%
1–20%
< 1%
unknown
Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay,[2] and is handled differently by country. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is proven effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride.[2] Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities.[3] Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $1.32 per person-year.[2][4] Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits.[5] In 2011 the World Health Organization suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L (milligrams per litre), depending on climate, local environment, and other sources of fluoride.[6] Bottled water typically has unknown fluoride levels.[7]
^Cite error: The named reference extent was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). "Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States". MMWR Recomm Rep. 50 (RR-14): 1–42. PMID 11521913.
^Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G (2007). "Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review". Clin Oral Investig. 11 (3): 189–93. doi:10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6. PMID 17333303. S2CID 13189520.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
^Taricska JR, Wang LK, Hung YT, Li KH (2006). "Fluoridation and Defluoridation". In Wang LK, Hung YT, Shammas NK, editors (ed.). Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering 4. Humana Press. pp. 293–315. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_9. ISBN 978-1-59745-029-4. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th Edition WHO, 2011. ISBN 9789241548151. Page 168, 175, 372 and see also pp 370-73. See also J. Fawell, et al Fluoride in Drinking-water. WHO, 2006. Page 32. Quote: "Concentrations in drinking-water of about 1 mg l–1 are associated with a lower incidence of dental caries, particularly in children, whereas excess intake of fluoride can result in dental fluorosis. In severe cases this can result in erosion of enamel. The margin between the beneficial effects of fluoride and the occurrence of dental fluorosis is small and public health programmes seek to retain a suitable balance between the two"
^Hobson WL, Knochel ML, Byington CL, Young PC, Hoff CJ, Buchi KF (2007). "Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161 (5): 457–61. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.5.457. PMID 17485621.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
and 26 Related for: Water fluoridation by country information
Waterfluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently bycountry. Fluoridated...
Waterfluoridation is the controlled adjustment of fluoride to a public water supply solely to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridatedwater contains fluoride...
The waterfluoridation controversy arises from political, ethical, economic, and health considerations regarding the fluoridation of public water supplies...
countries that have waterfluoridation programs currently operating (see Waterfluoridationbycountry). As of March 2012, artificially fluoridated drinking...
to fluoridate its drinking water to prevent tooth decay. Fluoridation became an official policy of the U.S. Public Health Service by 1951, and by 1960...
launches bycountry Waste bycountryWaterfluoridationbycountry Wedding customs bycountry World Heritage Sites bycountry World War II bycountry The Oxford...
to institute a comprehensive fluoridation programme which covers the entirety of its population. The water was fluoridated at 0.7 ppm using sodium silicofluoride...
prevention, see Fluoride therapy. Fluoridation of water has its critics (see waterfluoridation controversy). Fluoridated toothpaste is in common use. Meta-analysis...
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white solid that is readily soluble in water. It is used in trace amounts in the fluoridation of drinking water to prevent tooth decay, and in toothpastes...
effect due to waterfluoridation is largely and typically aesthetic. Severe cases can be caused by exposure to water that is naturally fluoridated to levels...
confirms that waterfluoridation is a safe and effective way to help protect teeth against decay : 4-5 The addition of fluoride to the water does not alter...
drinking water is not federally regulated, the FDA has set specific limits for how much fluoride may be found in bottled water. Waterfluoridation remains...
U.S., fluoridation is usually accomplished by the addition of hexafluorosilicic acid, which decomposes in water, yielding fluoride ions. Water conditioning:...
Tap water (also known as running water, piped water or municipal water) is water supplied through a tap, a water dispenser valve. In many countries, tap...
Connett has been invited by environmental organizations opposing fluoridation to lecture on the subject in fluoridatingcountries such as Canada, Israel...
protect a population can be determined. Waterfluoridation is the implementation of artificial fluoride in public water supplies with the intentions to halt...
pH/alkalinity, sodium hypochlorite for disinfection and fluoride for fluoridation. This process is often used as a pre-treatment method while another processes...
day systems of municipal water purification.[citation needed] Waterfluoridation is a practice adding fluoride to drinking water for the purpose of decreasing...
fluorosis while maintaining waterfluoridation. In India an estimated 60 million people have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive fluoride, which...
and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water towers or on the...
presumed to do so in people. There is no clear association between waterfluoridation and cancer or deaths due to cancer, both for cancer in general and...
could not be affected by vaccines. Some chiropractors continue to be opposed to vaccination. Early opposition to waterfluoridation included chiropractors...
→ Na2[SiF6] + 2 HCl It is used in some countries as additives for waterfluoridation, opal glass raw material, ore refining, or other fluoride chemical...
them, parents are shown how to clean the baby's mouth and how to use a fluoridated solution. Afterward, the baby's first appointment is booked. A general...
evidence and set an adult UL at 7.0 mg/day (lower for children). Waterfluoridation Public relations campaigns of Edward Bernays Selwitz, Robert H (2007)...
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