Global InformationFluorine deficiency information
| Fluorine deficiency | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Fluoride is sold in tablets for cavity prevention. | |
| Causes | Lack of fluoride in the diet, poor oral hygiene |
| Risk factors | Dental caries |
Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a disorder which may cause increased dental caries[1] and possibly osteoporosis,[2][3] due to a lack of fluoride in diet.[4][5] Common dietary sources of fluoride include tea, grape juice, wine, raisins, some seafood, coffee, and tap water that has been fluoridated.[6] The extent to which the condition truly exists, and its relationship to fluoride poisoning has given rise to some controversy.[7] Fluorine is not considered to be an essential nutrient, but the importance of fluorides for preventing tooth decay is well-recognized,[8] despite the effect is predominantly topical.[9] Prior to 1981, the effect of fluorides was thought to be largely systemic and preeruptive, requiring ingestion.[10] Fluoride is considered essential in the development and maintenance of teeth by the American Dental Hygienists' Association.[11] Fluoride incorporates into the teeth to form and harden teeth enamels. This makes the teeth more acid resistant, as well as more resistant to cavity forming bacteria.[12] Caries-inhibiting effects of fluoride were first noticed 1902, when fluoride in high concentrations was found to stain teeth and prevent tooth decay.
Fluoride salts, particularly sodium fluoride (NaF), are used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.[13] Symptoms such as fractured hips in the elderly or brittle and weak bones may be caused by fluorine deficiency in the body.[14] Fluoride stimulates bone formation and increases bone density;[15] however, bone with excess fluoride content has an abnormal structure resulting in increased fragility. Thus, fluoride therapy results in large increases in bone mineral density but the effect on fracture rates, while positive, is small.[15][16][17]
Disputes over the essential nature of fluorine date back to the 19th century, when fluorine was first observed in teeth and bones.[18] In 1973, a trial claimed to have found reduced reproduction in mice fed on fluorine-deficient diets; however, a subsequent investigation found that this was likely due to an iron-deficient diet.[19]
- ^ Selwitz, Robert H (2007). "Dental Caries". The Lancet. 369 (9555): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2. PMID 17208642. S2CID 204616785.
- ^ Kleerekoper, M. (1998). "The Role of Fluoride in the Prevention of Osteoporosis". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 27 (2): 441–452. doi:10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70015-3. PMID 9669148.
- ^ 'Vilela';'Nunes', 'Pedro'; 'Teresa' (2011). "Osteoporosis International". Neuroradiology. 53: 185–189. doi:10.1007/s00234-011-0925-4. PMID 21863428.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Fluorine". Merck. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ Ilich, J. Z.; Kerstetter, J. E. (2000). "Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited: A Story Beyond Calcium". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 19 (6): 715–737. doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718070. PMID 11194525. S2CID 18598975.
- ^ "Fluoride in the UK diet". 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Gazzano, E.; Bergandi, L.; Riganti, C.; Aldieri, E.; Doublier, S.; Costamagna, C.; Bosia, A.; Ghigo, D. (2010). "Fluoride Effects: The Two Faces of Janus". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (22): 2431–2441. doi:10.2174/092986710791698503. PMID 20491635.
- ^ Olivares M, Uauy R (2004). "Essential nutrients in drinking-water (Draft)" (PDF). WHO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- ^ Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G (September 2007). "Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review". Clin Oral Investig. 11 (3): 189–93. doi:10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6. PMID 17333303. S2CID 13189520.
- ^ Aoba T, Fejerskov O (2002). "Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology". Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 13 (2): 155–70. doi:10.1177/154411130201300206. PMID 12097358. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07.
- ^ "Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development". ADHA. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- ^ "Effect of Inorganic Fluoride on Living Organisms of Different Phylogenetic Level". 2010.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)[permanent dead link] - ^ Wood, A. J. J.; Riggs, B. L.; Melton, L. J. (1992). "The Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (9): 620–627. doi:10.1056/NEJM199208273270908. PMID 1640955.
- ^ "Health Supplements and Nutritional Guides". Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
- ^ a b Riggs, BL; Hodgson, SF; O'Fallon, WM; Chao, EY; Wahner, HW; Muhs, JM; Cedel, SL; Melton LJ, 3rd (22 March 1990). "Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 322 (12): 802–9. doi:10.1056/nejm199003223221203. PMID 2407957.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Mamelle, N; Meunier, PJ; Dusan, R; Guillaume, M; Martin, JL; Gaucher, A; Prost, A; Zeigler, G; Netter, P (13 August 1988). "Risk-benefit ratio of sodium fluoride treatment in primary vertebral osteoporosis". Lancet. 2 (8607): 361–5. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92834-6. PMID 2899773. S2CID 43513696.
- ^ Kleerekoper, M; Peterson, EL; Nelson, DA; Phillips, E; Schork, MA; Tilley, BC; Parfitt, AM (June 1991). "A randomized trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis" (PDF). Osteoporosis International. 1 (3): 155–61. doi:10.1007/BF01625446. hdl:2027.42/45905. PMID 1790403. S2CID 15552937.
- ^ Meiers P. Fluoride Research in the 19th and early 20th century . Retrieved 2009-1-4.
- ^ Tao S, Suttie JW (August 1976). "Evidence for a lack of an effect of dietary fluoride level on reproduction in mice". J. Nutr. 106 (8): 1115–22. doi:10.1093/jn/106.8.1115. PMID 939992.