(A) When the host cell is only infected by a giant virus, the latter establishes a cytoplasmic virus factory to replicate and generates new virions, and the host cell is most likely lysed at the end of its replication cycle. (B) When the host cell is co-infected with a giant virus and its virophage, the latter parasitizes the giant virus factory. The presence of virophages could seriously impact the infectivity of the giant virus by decreasing its replication efficiency and increasing the survival of the host cell. (C) When the giant virus genome is parasitized by a provirophage, the latter is expressed during the giant virus replication. The virophage is produced from the giant virus factory and inhibits the giant virus replication, thus increasing the host cell survival.
VF: Virus factory
Virophages and satellite virus’ lifestyle[1]
(A) The replication of virophages is supposed to occur entirely in the virus factory of its giant virus host, depending on the giant virus expression/replication complex. (B) The concept of satellite virus implicates that the virus initiates the expression and replication of its genome in the nucleus using the host cell machinery and then goes to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the satellite virus hijacks the morphogenesis machinery of its helper virus to produce its progeny.
Virophages are small, double-stranded DNA viral phages that require the co-infection of another virus. The co-infecting viruses are typically giant viruses. Virophages rely on the viral replication factory of the co-infecting giant virus for their own replication. One of the characteristics of virophages is that they have a parasitic relationship with the co-infecting virus. Their dependence upon the giant virus for replication often results in the deactivation of the giant viruses. The virophage may improve the recovery and survival of the host organism.
All known virophages are grouped into the family Lavidaviridae (from "large virus dependent or associated" + -viridae).[2]
^ abMougari, S., Sahmi-Bounsiar, D., Levasseur, A., Colson, P. and La Scola, B. (2019) "Virophages of Giant Viruses: An Update at Eleven". Viruses, 11(8): 733. doi:10.3390/v11080733. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
^Duponchel, S; Fischer, MG (March 2019). "Viva lavidaviruses! Five features of virophages that parasitize giant DNA viruses". PLOS Pathogens. 15 (3): e1007592. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007592. PMC 6428243. PMID 30897185.
Virophages are small, double-stranded DNA viral phages that require the co-infection of another virus. The co-infecting viruses are typically giant viruses...
reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus. It is known as a virophage, in analogy to the term bacteriophage. Viruses like Sputnik that depend...
Mimivirus-dependent virus Zamilon, or Zamilon, is a virophage, a group of small DNA viruses that infect protists and require a helper virus to replicate;...
Phaeocystis globosa virus virophage, or PgVV, or Preplasmiviricota sp. Gezel-14T, is a polinton-like virus, which are small DNA viruses that are found...
was named the first virophage. A virophage is similar to bacteriophage viruses, which infect and sicken bacteria, but virophages infect viruses. Sputnik...
immunity to the population The name is derived from Maverick virus. The virophage was discovered by Matthias G. Fischer of the University of British Columbia...
largely discounted. Virophages are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that rely on the co-infection of giant viruses. Virophages rely on the viral replication...
vectors for gene expression and gene therapy. Helper dependent virus Virophage Graham BS, Crowe JE, Ledgerwood JE (2007). "14 - Immunization Against...
Organic Lake virophage (OLV) is a double-stranded DNA virophage (a virus that requires the presence of another virus to replicate itself and in so doing...
Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. CroV is itself parasitized by a virophage named "Mavirus". Viral protein composition includes 141 encoded proteins...
discovered a slightly larger virus, dubbed the mamavirus, and the Sputnik virophage that infects it. Mimivirus has been placed into a viral family by the...
that it can be transmitted to new cells. In similar manner, the sputnik virophage is dependent on mimivirus, which infects the protozoan Acanthamoeba castellanii...
eukaryotes, and plasmids and prophages being the major types in prokaryotes. Virophages contribute to the viral mobilome. Transposable elements are elements that...
and also in Yellowstone Lake (YSLV). ALM belongs to the virophage genus Mavirus; as a virophage, it is a satellite virus that (as a parasite), when co-infected...
0060114. PMC 2430901. PMID 18479185. Fischer MG, Suttle CA (April 2011). "A virophage at the origin of large DNA transposons". Science. 332 (6026): 231–4. Bibcode:2011Sci...
Suzan-Monti M, Forterre P, Koonin E, Raoult D (September 2008). "The virophage as a unique parasite of the giant mimivirus". Nature. 455 (7209): 100–4...
dimethyl sulfide in any natural body of water. In 2011, a new species of virophage (a satellite virus that impairs the ability of its co-infective host virus...
satellite virus Double-stranded DNA satellite viruses Family Lavidaviridae – Virophages Single-stranded DNA satellite viruses Genus Dependoparvovirus – Adeno-associated...
can become endogenized in their host's genome; a peculiar example are virophages, which after infecting a host, can protect the host against giant viruses...
Global Information
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
