Further information: List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women
Lactobacilli and a vaginal squamous cell
Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892[1] and are part of the overall human flora.
The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for an individual's overall health.[2] The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus,[3] such as L. crispatus, and the lactic acid they produce is thought to protect against infection by pathogenic species.[4]
^David M (April 2006). "Albert und Gustav Döderlein – ein kritischer Blick auf zwei besondere Lebensläufe deutscher Ordinarien" [Albert and Gustav Döderlein -- a critical view to the biographies of two German professors]. Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie (in German). 128 (2): 56–9. doi:10.1055/s-2006-921412. PMID 16673245. S2CID 77926816.
^D'Ippolito S, Di Nicuolo F, Pontecorvi A, Gratta M, Scambia G, Di Simone N (December 2018). "Endometrial microbes and microbiome: Recent insights on the inflammatory and immune "players" of the human endometrium". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 80 (6): e13065. doi:10.1111/aji.13065. PMID 30375712. S2CID 53114757.
^Vásquez A, Jakobsson T, Ahrné S, Forsum U, Molin G (August 2002). "Vaginal lactobacillus flora of healthy Swedish women". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 (8): 2746–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.8.2746-2749.2002. PMC 120688. PMID 12149323.
^Witkin SS, Linhares IM, Giraldo P (June 2007). "Bacterial flora of the female genital tract: function and immune regulation". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 21 (3): 347–54. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.004. PMID 17215167.
Vaginalflora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist...
The vaginalflora in pregnancy, or vaginal microbiota in pregnancy, is different from the vaginalflora (the population of microorganisms that resides...
Vaginal discharge is a mixture of liquid, cells, and bacteria that lubricate and protect the vagina. This mixture is constantly produced by the cells...
tract. In humans, it extends from the vestibule to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a thin layer of mucosal tissue called...
caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or...
A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring in mammals (babies in humans) through the vagina (also called the "birth canal"). It is the most common method...
often caused by an infection or the disruption of the healthy vaginalflora. The vaginalflora consists of those organisms which generally do not cause symptoms...
A vaginal disease is a pathological condition that affects part or all of the vagina. Sexually transmitted infections that affect the vagina include:...
example, a part of the human microbiota such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginalflora, can become deranged, with normally dominating species underrepresented...
compost. Certain species are commensal in the skin flora, oral flora, gut flora, and vaginalflora of humans and livestock. They are also known for causing...
The vaginal epithelium is the inner lining of the vagina consisting of multiple layers of (squamous) cells. The basal membrane provides the support for...
identified in 1980 by François Gasser and his associates. It is part of the vaginalflora. Its genome has been sequenced. L. gasseri is a normal inhabitant of...
considered "keystone species" in the vaginalflora of reproductive-age women. Most, but not all, healthy women have vaginalfloras dominated by one of four species...
also influences vaginalflora. The occurrence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli is lower in African American women and vaginal pH is higher. Other...
The perineum and cervix are further flattened and the head may be felt vaginally. Head engagement is known colloquially as the baby drop, and in natural...
Medical microbiology Microbial ecology Microflora Oral microbiology Skin Vaginalflora Zeaspora Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S (2009). "Topographical and Temporal...
with a small subchorionic hematoma are asymptomatic. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, premature labor and threatened miscarriage. Ultrasonography...
inflammation induced by the changes in vaginal bacterial flora. Lactobacillus plays an important role in maintaining the vaginal PH by producing lactic acids that...
In the field of obstetrics, lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue. Lochia discharge typically...
(pH 3.8–4.5), a vaginal pH test showing a pH of more than 4.5 strengthens a suspicion of rupture of membranes in case of clear vaginal discharge in pregnancy...
hormones during pregnancy. Vaginalflora can be transmitted to babies during birth. Vaginal dysbiosis can lead to vaginal infections like bacterial vaginosis...
against vulvovaginal infections encompass the normal vaginalflora, acidic vaginal pH, and vaginal discharge. Resident bacteria play a crucial role in...
score is calculated by assessing the following five components on manual vaginal examination by a trained professional: Cervical dilation in centimeters...
internal disturbances (hormonal or physiological) can perturb the normal vaginalflora, consisting of lactic acid bacteria, such as lactobacilli, and result...
months after the first injection 71% of the patients showed a normal vaginalflora according to the classification of Jirovec and Peter. Further studies...
healthy individuals in the microbiome of the umbilicus and in normal vaginalflora. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in periodontal...
(Anaerotruncus colihominis). Anaerotruncus bacteria occur in the human vaginalflora and gut. Parte, A.C. "Anaerotruncus". LPSN. "Anaerotruncus". www.uniprot...
orgasm, which leads to ejaculation of semen containing sperm into the vaginal canal. The sperm and the ovum are known as the gametes (each containing...
in the conduct of delivery in order to decide if natural or operative vaginal delivery was possible or if and when to use a cesarean section. Women whose...
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