Depiction of the human body and bacteria that predominate
Skin flora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota (communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin.
Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1,000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla.[1][2] Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles.
Skin flora is usually non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface, either by competing for nutrients, secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the skin's immune system.[3] However, resident microbes can cause skin diseases and enter the blood system, creating life-threatening diseases, particularly in immunosuppressed people.[3]
A major non-human skin flora is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid and non-hyphal zoosporic fungus that causes chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease thought to be responsible for the decline in amphibian populations.[4]
^Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S (2009). "Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome". Science. 324 (5931): 1190–92. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1190G. doi:10.1126/science.1171700. PMC 2805064. PMID 19478181.
^"Your Body Is a Wonderland ... of Bacteria". www.science.org. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
^ abCogen AL, Nizet V, Gallo RL (2008). "Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence?". Br J Dermatol. 158 (3): 442–55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08437.x. PMC 2746716. PMID 18275522.
^Voyles, Jamie; Young, Sam; Berger, Lee; Campbell, Craig; Voyles, Wyatt F.; Dinudom, Anuwat; Cook, David; Webb, Rebecca; Alford, Ross A.; Skerratt, Lee F.; Speare, Rick (2009-10-23). "Pathogenesis of Chytridiomycosis, a Cause of Catastrophic Amphibian Declines". Science. 326 (5952): 582–585. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..582V. doi:10.1126/science.1176765. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19900897. S2CID 52850132.
Skinflora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota (communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin. Many of them...
fungi are also referred to as flora as in the terms gut flora or skinflora. The word "flora" comes from the Latin name of Flora, the goddess of plants, flowers...
epidermidis colonize the skin surface. The density of skinflora depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from bacteria residing...
Staphylococcus epidermis colonize the skin surface. The density of skinflora depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from...
underlying mechanism may involve blockage of the skin surface followed by subsequent excessive growth of skinflora. Fluoridated toothpaste and some micro-organisms...
cocci and aerobic coryneform bacteria, which are both parts of normal skinflora. Intertrigo "Intertriginous - Biology-Online Dictionary". Biology-online...
uncontrolled proliferation and a subsequent imbalance of the residential skinflora. Some virulence factors or properties which may increase the fungus' ability...
infections can also be spread through indirect contact, for example, from the skinflora of an infected individual to a wrestling mat, to another wrestler. According...
coagulase-negative, and is a common commensal organism found as part of the skinflora on humans and animals. Like other coagulase-negative staphylococci, S...
of compost. Certain species are commensal in the skinflora, oral flora, gut flora, and vaginal flora of humans and livestock. They are also known for...
degrading skin and proteins that may be immunogenic (activating the immune system). The species is largely commensal and part of the skinflora present...
skin colony count such as scrubbing skin preparation with alcohol and chlorhexidine or kill bacteria once the implant is contaminated by skinflora such...
species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skinflora), some Fusarium species and subspecific groups are among...
Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist...
For example, a part of the human microbiota such as the skinflora, gut flora, or vaginal flora, can become deranged, with normally dominating species...
are present on roughly 20 to 30% of the human population as part of the skinflora. S. aureus also benefits from the variable ambient conditions created...
that is a member of the genus Acinetobacter. It is considered as normal skinflora and can also inhabit the human oropharynx and perineum of up to 25% of...
superficial skin infection that causes brown, scaly skin patches. It is caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum bacteria, a normal part of skinflora (the microorganisms...
citrate, catalase, and oxidase positive. It is found in soil, water, skinflora, and most human-made environments throughout the world. It thrives not...
Malassezia is part of the normal skinflora, but overgrows in certain conditions. Overgrowth is associated with oily skin, humidity or other pre-existing...
member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). It is part of the skinflora of humans, and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae...
Colonisation resistance List of human flora List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women Skinflora Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli...
effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs KMn04) on bacterial skinflora in atopic dermatitis". Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 176: 132–4....
less commonly, as a part of the skinflora. The clinical manifestations in human disease range from superficial skin-infections and tonsillitis, to severe...
A transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) is a virus, parasite, or other potential pathogen that can be transmitted in donated blood through a transfusion...
one of the two sets, it is more likely to represent contamination with skinflora than a true bloodstream infection. False negative results can occur if...
away from the skin, aiding ventilation. Colonization by odor-producing bacteria is thereby transferred away from the skin (see skinflora). Male axilla...
ringworm. Non-contagious skin infections can result when normal bacterial or fungal skinflora is allowed to proliferate and cause skin disease. Common examples...
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