Series of treaties signed by China, Japan, or Korea
Unequal treaty
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
不平等條約
Simplified Chinese
不平等条约
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
bù-píngděng tiáoyuē
Wade–Giles
pu1 p'ing2 teng3 t'iao2 yüeh1
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
bat1 ping4 dang2 tiu4 joek3
Korean name
Hangul
불평등 조약
Hanja
不平等條約
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization
bulpyeongdeung joyak
McCune–Reischauer
pulp'yŏngdŭng choyak
Japanese name
Kanji
不平等条約
Kana
ふびょうどうじょうやく
Transcriptions
Romanization
fu byōdō jōyaku
Unequal treaties refer to a series of treaties signed during the 19th and early 20th centuries, between China (mostly the Qing dynasty) and various foreign powers (including, but not limited to, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan).[1] The agreements, often reached after a military defeat or a threat of military invasion, contained one-sided terms, requiring China to cede land, pay reparations, open treaty ports, give up tariff autonomy, legalise opium import, and grant extraterritorial privileges to foreign citizens.[2]
With the rise of Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialism in the 1920s, both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party used the concept to characterize the Chinese experience of losing sovereignty between roughly 1840 to 1950. The term "unequal treaty" became associated with the concept of China's "century of humiliation", especially the concessions to foreign powers and the loss of tariff autonomy through treaty ports.
Japanese and Koreans also use the term to refer to several treaties that resulted in the loss of their sovereignty, to varying degrees. Japan and Qing China also signed treaties with Korea like the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 and China–Korea Treaty of 1882, which granted some extent of privileges to Japan and China, respectively.
^"Unequal Treaties with China". Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
^Fravel, M. Taylor (October 1, 2005). "Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes". International Security. 30 (2): 46–83. doi:10.1162/016228805775124534. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 56347789.
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