European powers plan to cut up China for themselves; Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and France are represented by Wilhelm II, Umberto I, John Bull, Franz Joseph I (in rear), Nicholas II, and Émile Loubet. The United States, represented by Uncle Sam, opposed this, seeking to keep China open for all. Puck Aug 23, 1899, by J. S. PugheA political cartoon depicting Victoria (the United Kingdom), Wilhelm II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and Meiji (Japan) dividing Qing China like carving up a pie.
The century of humiliation (Chinese: 百年国耻, lit. 'hundred years of national disgrace') refers to the period in Chinese history beginning with the First Opium War (1839–1842), and ending in 1945 with China (then the Republic of China) emerging out of the Second World War as one of the Big Four and established as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, or alternately, ending in 1949 with the founding of the People's Republic of China. The century-long period is typified by the decline, defeat and political fragmentation of the Qing dynasty and the subsequent Republic of China, which led to demoralizing foreign intervention, annexation and subjugation of China by Western powers, Russia, and Japan.[1]
The characterization of the period as a "humiliation" arose with an atmosphere of Chinese nationalism in opposition to the Twenty-One Demands made by the Japanese government in 1915, and grew further with protests against China's poor treatment in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Both the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party popularized the characterization in the 1920s, protesting the unequal treaties and loss of Chinese territory to foreign colonies. During the 1930s and 1940s, the term became common due to the Japanese invasion of China proper.[2] Although formal treaty provisions were ended, the epoch remains central to concepts of Chinese nationalism, and the term is widely used in both political rhetoric and popular culture.[3]
^Adcock Kaufman, Alison (2010). "The "Century of Humiliation," Then and Now: Chinese Perceptions of the International Order". Pacific Focus. 25 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1111/j.1976-5118.2010.01039.x.
^Callahan (2008), p. 210.
^Gries (2004), p. 45.
and 24 Related for: Century of humiliation information
The centuryofhumiliation (Chinese: 百年国耻, lit. 'hundred years of national disgrace') refers to the period in Chinese history beginning with the First...
colonized almost all of Oceania by end of the 19th century. In East Asia, China under the Qing dynasty endured its centuryofhumiliation by foreign powers...
and humiliation or even death and humiliation. In some cases, the pain—or at least discomfort—is insignificant or rather secondary to the humiliation. The...
conflicts, along with the various treaties imposed during the "centuryofhumiliation", weakened the Chinese government's authority and forced China to...
nineteenth century is a term for the 125-year period beginning with the onset of the French Revolution in 1789, and ending with the outbreak of World War...
Chinese writers usually consider such events in China part of the centuryofhumiliation that began with the First Opium War (1839–1842) and ended with...
historians refer to this period as the centuryofhumiliation. The "Great Game" (Also called the Tournament of Shadows (Russian: Турниры теней, Turniry...
Initiative Centuryofhumiliation Chinese Dream Chinese economic reform China's peaceful rise China Lobby Economy of China List of disputed territories of China...
The long 18th century is a phrase used by many British historians to cover a more natural historical period than the simple use of the standard calendar...
factors, including the idea of a Chinese centuryofhumiliation at the hands of Western powers beginning in the mid-19th century, U.S. support for the Nationalists...
coffin for the Century ofHumiliation. On 20 April 1949, during the Chinese Civil War between the nationalist Kuomintang-led Republic of China and the Chinese...
China. Twentieth-century nationalists considered 1839 the start of a centuryofhumiliation, and many historians consider it the beginning of modern Chinese...
Western powers dominated China in what later became known as the "centuryofhumiliation", with the British-supported opium trade and later Opium Wars resulting...
Those included below generally consist of only a subset of prime ministers, typically those of the 20th century or those who served after the Second World...
principally originated from the Library of Pergamum and the Library of Alexandria around the fourth century BC, continued by Greeks and Romans throughout...
dealings with foreigners since the centuryofhumiliation.: 51 Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "[t]he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports...
against evil." The Roman poet Ovid (1st century BC – 1st century AD) tells a similar myth of Four Ages in Book 1.89–150 of the Metamorphoses. His account is...
man of asia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Yellow peril Anti-China Orientalism Centuryofhumiliation Chinese concession of Incheon Criticism of Qing...
elite circles. Under China's CenturyofHumiliation, feng shui began to receive implicit government encouragement as a method of colonial resistance. Through...
the viewpoint of villagers during the Boxer Uprising. Battle of Peking (1900) Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program Centuryofhumiliation China Relief Expedition...
their deaths formed the basis of martyrologies. In the 4th century, there were three main types of catalogs of lives of the saints: annual calendar catalogue...
"reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the centuryofhumiliation.: 51 Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "[t]he success of these...
end of the 19th century, stamp collecting reached hundreds of thousands of people of all classes. Some countries had collections of postage stamps –...
Global Information
