Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Commerce Between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China[1]
Signing of the treaty on board HMS Cornwallis
Signed
29 August 1842 (1842-08-29)
Location
Nanjing, Qing Empire
Effective
26 June 1843 (1843-06-26)
Condition
Exchange of ratifications
Parties
Qing Empire
United Kingdom
Languages
English and Chinese
Full text
Treaty of Nanking at Wikisource
Treaty of Nanking
Traditional Chinese
南京條約
Simplified Chinese
南京条约
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Nánjīng tiáoyuē
Hakka
Romanization
Lam5/Nam5-gin1 Tiau2yok5
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
Naam4 ging1 tiu4 joek3
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The Treaty of Nanking was an unequal treaty between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China to end the First Opium War (1839–1842), signed on 29 August 1842.
In the wake of China's military defeat, with British warships poised to attack Nanjing (then romanized as Nanking), British and Chinese officials negotiated on board HMS Cornwallis anchored in the Yangtze at the city. On 29 August, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives Keying, Yilibu, and Niu Jian signed the treaty, which consisted of thirteen articles.
The treaty was ratified by the Daoguang Emperor on 27 October and Queen Victoria on 28 December. Ratification was exchanged in Hong Kong on 26 June 1843. The treaty required the Chinese to pay an indemnity, to cede the Island of Hong Kong to the British as a colony, to essentially end the Canton system that had limited trade to that port and allow trade at Five Treaty Ports. It was followed in 1843 by the Treaty of the Bogue, which granted extraterritoriality and most favoured nation status.
^Mayers, William Frederick (1902). Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers (4th ed.). Shanghai: North-China Herald, London (1871)ld. p. 1.
The TreatyofNanking was an unequal treaty between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China to end the First Opium War (1839–1842), signed on 29 August...
superior ships and weapons by August 1842. The British then imposed the TreatyofNanking, which forced China to increase foreign trade, give compensation,...
island was ceded to Britain by the TreatyofNanking, ratified by the Daoguang Emperor in the aftermath of the war of 1842. It was established as a crown...
same privileges with China that Great Britain had achieved under the TreatyofNanking in 1842. The United States received additional privileges as well...
British in the First Opium War (1839–1842). Under the terms of the TreatyofNanking, the five treaty ports including Shanghai were opened to foreign merchants...
or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately...
the TreatyofNanking in 1842. As well as ceding the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain in perpetuity, the treaty also established five treaty ports...
under the TreatyofNanking (1842), and Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street), was to be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997. The status of Noktundo...
concluded by the TreatyofNanking (Nanjing) in 1842, the first of the Unequal treaties between China and Western powers. The treaty ceded the Hong Kong...
China, concluded in October 1843 to supplement the previous TreatyofNanking. The treaty's key provisions granted extraterritoriality and most favored...
to the UK under the TreatyofNanking and the City of Victoria was then established on the island by the British Force in honour of Queen Victoria. The...
became known) and northern Kowloon, including 235 islands. In the TreatyofNanking, in 1842, the Qing government agreed to make Hong Kong a Crown colony...
Press. Ma, Chao Chun (Ma Chaojun) (1937). Nanking's Development, 1927–1937. Nanking: Municipality ofNanking. Michael, Franz (1972). The Taiping Rebellion:...
midley.co.uk/Nanking/Nanking.htm and see also R. D. Wood (1996), 'The TreatyofNanking: Form and the Foreign Office, 1842–1843', Journal of Imperial and...
Unequal treaties refer to a series oftreaties signed during the 19th and early 20th centuries, between China (mostly the Qing dynasty) and various foreign...
Chuenpi in 1841, the TreatyofNanking was signed between Sir Robert Peel on behalf of Queen Victoria and Lin Zexu on behalf of Emperor Xuanzong and has...
Maria Ferreira do Amaral, emboldened by the First Opium War and the TreatyofNanking, attempted to annex the territory, expelling Qing authorities in 1846...
miles in length. Of the three million dollars that the Qing government was required to pay the British as stipulated in the TreatyofNanking, Howqua single-handedly...
privileges to the Kingdom of France as to Britain in the TreatyofNanking and subsequent treaties. The privileges included the opening of five harbours to French...
with the TreatyofNanking, which opened Shanghai as one of the five treaty ports for international trade. The Treatyof the Bogue, the Treatyof Wanghia...
After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 TreatyofNanking. Administrative infrastructure...
convention was unratified, many of the terms were later included in the TreatyofNanking (1842). Hong Kong Island Chuenpi Whampoa Canton Macao Kowloon On 20...
control over portions of Hong Kong's territory through three treaties concluded with Qing China after the Opium Wars: 1842 TreatyofNanking: Hong Kong Island...
The Battle ofNanking (or Nanjing) was fought in early December 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Chinese National Revolutionary Army...
bank of the Yong River. It was the site of the Port of Ningbo since 1840s till late 1990s. The North Riverbank was the result ofTreatyofNanking, and...