Supereruption 74,000 years ago that may have caused a global volcanic winter
Toba eruption theory
Artist's impression of the eruption from about 42 km (26 mi) above northern Sumatra
Volcano
Toba Caldera Complex
Date
c. 74,000 years BP
Location
Sumatra, Indonesia 2°41′04″N98°52′32″E / 2.6845°N 98.8756°E / 2.6845; 98.8756
VEI
8
Impact
Impact disputed
Deaths
(Potentially) almost all of humanity, leaving around 3,000–10,000 humans left on the planet
Lake Toba is the resulting crater lake
The Toba eruption (sometimes called the Toba supereruption or the Youngest Toba eruption) was a supervolcano eruption that occurred about 74,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene[1] at the site of present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. It is one of the largest known explosive eruptions in the Earth's history. The Toba catastrophe theory is that this event caused a severe global volcanic winter of six to ten years and contributed to a 1,000-year-long cooling episode, resulting in a genetic bottleneck in humans.[2][3] However, some physical evidence disputes the association with the millennium-long cold event and genetic bottleneck, and some consider the theory disproven.[4][5][6][7][8]
^"Surprisingly, Humanity Survived the Super-volcano 74,000 Years Ago". Haaretz.
^Ambrose 1998.
^Michael R. Rampino, Stanley H. Ambrose, 2000. "Volcanic winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba supereruption and the late Pleistocene human population crash", Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity, Floyd W. McCoy, Grant Heiken
^"Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea 'dismissed'". BBC News. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
Choi, Charles Q. (2013-04-29). "Toba Supervolcano Not to Blame for Humanity's Near-Extinction". Livescience.com. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
^Yost, Chad; et al. (March 2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ~74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116. Elsevier: 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005. PMID 29477183.
^Ge, Yong; Gao, Xing (2020-09-10). "Understanding the overestimated impact of the Toba volcanic super-eruption on global environments and ancient hominins". Quaternary International. Current Research on Prehistoric Central Asia. 559: 24–33. Bibcode:2020QuInt.559...24G. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.06.021. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 225418492.
^Hawks, John (9 February 2018). "The so-called Toba bottleneck didn't happen". john hawks weblog.
^Singh, Ajab; Srivastava, Ashok K. (2022-06-01). "Had Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT, ca. 75 ka) eruption really destroyed living media explicitly in entire Southeast Asia or just a theoretical debate? An extensive review of its catastrophic event". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X. 7: 100083. Bibcode:2022JAESX...700083S. doi:10.1016/j.jaesx.2022.100083. ISSN 2590-0560. S2CID 246416256.
and 28 Related for: Toba catastrophe theory information
present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. It is one of the largest known explosive eruptions in the Earth's history. The Tobacatastrophetheory is that this...
eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Tobacatastrophetheory, the eruption had global consequences for human populations as...
percentage of males with reproductive success. The controversial Tobacatastrophetheory, presented in the late 1990s to early 2000s, suggested that a bottleneck...
possibility. One such event, the Toba eruption, occurred in Indonesia about 71,500 years ago. According to the Tobacatastrophetheory, the event may have reduced...
the Toba Samosir Regency Lake Toba, a lake in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and site of the volcanic Toba eruption 75,000 years ago Tobacatastrophe theory...
people about 70,000 BC, according to the now largely discredited Tobacatastrophetheory. By contrast, it is estimated that around 50–60 million people...
global warming when a tipping point is exceeded Tobacatastrophe hypothesis, hypothesis that the Toba supervolcanic eruption caused a global volcanic...
Nuclear terrorism Tobacatastrophetheory, a controversial hypothesis that a volcanic winter produced by the eruption of a volcano in Toba, Indonesia, created...
shows hominid habitation before and after the Toba event (73 kya) according to the Tobacatastrophetheory. It is unclear what species of humans settled...
and Iceland plume Lake Taupō Lake Toba Long Valley Caldera, Valles Caldera, La Garita Caldera Tobacatastrophetheory USGS. "Yellowstone Volcano Observatory"...
anthropologists and archaeologists subscribe to the Tobacatastrophetheory, which posits that the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatran island in Indonesia some 70...
supervolcanoes. According to the Tobacatastrophetheory, 75,000 to 80,000 years ago, a supervolcanic eruption at what is now Lake Toba in Sumatra reduced the human...
between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago (72,000 BC) instigated the Tobacatastrophetheory, a global volcanic winter that caused a bottleneck in human evolution...
ago after the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra island in Indonesia. According to the Tobacatastrophetheory to which some anthropologists and archeologists...
more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra and at Lake Toba, VEI 8, which, according to Tobacatastrophetheory, had a major effect on the early human population...
product, typically in the form of tuff. Eruptions the size of that at Lake Toba 74,000 years ago, at least 2,800 cubic kilometres (670 cu mi), or the Yellowstone...
become ice-free). Timeline of glaciation Glaciology Quaternary Tobacatastrophetheory In the isolation that followed the Salvelinus species of Sommen...
of redirect targets Pleistocene rewilding – Ecological practice Tobacatastrophetheory – Supereruption 74,000 years ago that may have caused a global...
Samosir Island, is located on Uluan. "Super Volcano Lake Toba". www.solcomhouse.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-07. Tobacatastrophetheory...
timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth...
during the span of human evolution. According to proponents of the Tobacatastrophetheory, the climate in non-tropical regions of the earth experienced a...
science of nuclear winter. Robock has researched nuclear winter, the Tobacatastrophetheory, the little ice age, the effect of volcanic eruptions on climate...
eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Tobacatastrophetheory, it had global consequences for human populations; it killed most...
population size (and thus genetic diversity) in its evolution. (see Tobacatastrophetheory) Another study (Chen & Li, 2001) sequenced 53 non-repetitive, intergenic...
the form of a resurgent dome such as is seen at the Valles Caldera, Lake Toba, the San Juan volcanic field, Cerro Galán, Yellowstone, and many other calderas...
Global Information
