Lake Toba (Indonesian: Danau Toba, Toba Batak: ᯖᯀᯬ ᯖᯬᯅ; romanized: Tao Toba) is a large natural lake in North Sumatra, Indonesia, occupying the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is located in the middle of the northern part of the island of Sumatra, with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), the lake stretches from 2°53′N98°31′E / 2.88°N 98.52°E / 2.88; 98.52 to 2°21′N99°06′E / 2.35°N 99.1°E / 2.35; 99.1. The lake is about 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide, and up to 505 metres (1,657 ft) deep. It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world.[1] Toba Caldera is one of twenty geoparks in Indonesia,[2] and was recognised in July 2020 as one of the UNESCO Global Geoparks.[3][4][5]
Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption estimated at VEI 8 that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago,[6][7][8] representing a climate-changing event. Recent advances in dating methods suggest a more accurate identification of 74,000 years ago as the date.[9] It is the largest-known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, the eruption had global consequences for human populations as it killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population bottleneck in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make-up of the human worldwide population to the present.[10] More recent studies had cast doubt on this theory and found no evidence of substantial changes in global population.[11]
It was also suggested that the eruption of the Toba Caldera led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decrease in temperature between 3 and 5 °C (5.4 and 9.0 °F), and up to 15 °C (27 °F) in higher latitudes. Additional studies in Lake Malawi in East Africa show significant amounts of ash being deposited from the Toba Caldera eruptions, even at that great distance, but little indication of a significant climatic effect in East Africa.[12]
^ abc"LakeNet – Lakes".
^"Gov't Expects UNESCO to Recognize Kaldera Toba Geopark This Year". Tempo. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
^Gunawan, Apriadi (8 July 2020). "Toba caldera finally recognized as UNESCO Global Geopark". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
^"Lake Toba proposed as world geopark heritage site". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
^"Perjalanan Geopark Kaldera Danau Toba Masuk Daftar UGG". Kompas. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
^"Toba: General Information". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
^Cite error: The named reference chesner1991 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Ninkovich, D.; N.J. Shackleton; A.A. Abdel-Monem; J.D. Obradovich; G. Izett (7 December 1978). "K−Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra". Nature. 276 (5688). Nature Publishing Group: 574–577. Bibcode:1978Natur.276..574N. doi:10.1038/276574a0. S2CID 4364788.
^Vogel, Gretchen, How ancient humans survived global ‘volcanic winter’ from massive eruption, Science, 12 March 2018
^"When humans faced extinction". BBC. 9 June 2003. Retrieved 5 January 2007.
^Yost, Chad L.; Jackson, Lily J.; Stone, Jeffery R.; Cohen, Andrew S. (March 2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ~74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116: 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005. PMID 29477183. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
^Lane, Christine S.; Ben T. Chorn; Thomas C. Johnson (29 April 2013). "Ash from the Toba supereruption in Lake Malawi shows no volcanic winter in East Africa at 75 ka". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (20): 8025–8029. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.8025L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1301474110. PMC 3657767. PMID 23630269.
LakeToba (Indonesian: Danau Toba, Toba Batak: ᯖᯀᯬ ᯖᯬᯅ; romanized: Tao Toba) is a large natural lake in North Sumatra, Indonesia, occupying the caldera...
site of present-day LakeToba in Sumatra, Indonesia. It is one of the largest known explosive eruptions in the Earth's history. The Toba catastrophe theory...
500 km3. The largest lake, by both area and volume, is LakeToba in Sumatra. It holds 240 km3 of freshwater, and is the largest lake body in Southeast Asia...
Regency. The Batak Toba people speak the Toba Batak language and are centered on LakeToba and Samosir Island within the lake. Batak Toba people frequently...
point, LakeToba is the largest crater lake in the world. While many crater lakes are picturesque, they can also be deadly. Gas discharges from Lake Nyos...
Batak. There are approximately 1,610,000 Toba Batak speakers, living to the east, west and south of LakeToba. Historically it was written using the Batak...
February 22, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2020. "Aek Natonang Lake – A Sub-Lake of Pangururan". www.toba.indonesia-tourism.com. Retrieved August 12, 2020. Freedman...
Batak languages. The term is used to include the Karo, Pakpak, Simalungun, Toba, Angkola, and Mandailing, related ethnic groups with distinct languages and...
in the form of a resurgent dome such as is seen at the Valles Caldera, LakeToba, the San Juan volcanic field, Cerro Galán, Yellowstone, and many other...
eruptions, for instance, Krakatoa for its global effects in 1883, the LakeToba Caldera for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000...
groups). The central highlands region around LakeToba is predominantly inhabited by other Batak groups (Toba, Simalungun, and Karo). The Nias people are...
Samosir, or Samosir Island, is a large volcanic island in LakeToba, located in the north of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Administratively, Samosir...
landlocked, the regency includes the eastern shore of the vast inland LakeToba. The regency was originally created on 23 November 1998 from the northern...
toba or Toba in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Toba may refer to: Toba Sur language, spoken in South America Batak Toba, spoken in Indonesia Toba people...
Cuicocha Lake, Ecuador Teopan Island in Lake Coatepeque, El Salvador Islas Quemadas in Lake Ilopango, El Salvador Samosir Island in LakeToba, Sumatra...
kilometres (76 mi). The largest lake in the world that drains naturally in two directions is Wollaston Lake. LakeToba on the island of Sumatra is in what...
eruption. Examples: Crater Lake, Oregon, United States Heaven Lake, China/North Korea LakeToba, Sumatra, Indonesia Lakes in maars fill small craters...
salt lake. Of these lakes, 10 have a deepest point above sea level. These are Issyk-Kul, Crater Lake, Quesnel Lake, Sarez Lake, LakeToba, Lake Tahoe...
(capital) of Toba Regency. It is 240 kilometers away from Medan. Balige is also a tourist spot to see LakeToba, the largest crater lake in the world...
orangutans about 3.4 million years ago, and became more isolated after the LakeToba eruption that occurred about 75,000 years ago. They had continued sporadic...
description in 2017 of a third species, P. tapanuliensis, from Sumatra south of LakeToba, came with a surprising twist: it is more closely related to the Bornean...
North Sumatra, Indonesia, that begins in Porsea, Toba Regency near the southeast corner of LakeToba. The river flows in a north-easterly direction, cutting...
Valles Caldera in New Mexico (both western United States); Lake Taupō in New Zealand; LakeToba in Sumatra, Indonesia; and Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania...
(for example, Yellowstone Caldera) or at subduction zones (for example, Toba). Large-volume supervolcanic eruptions are also often associated with large...
differentiation". With the LakeToba bottleneck, many species showed massive effects of narrowing of the gene pool, and Toba may have reduced the human...
house (lesung). Batak Toba culture centres on LakeToba and the sacred island of Samosir that lies within it. Jabu is the Toba language word for rumah...
of Indonesia are often regarded as belonging to Oceania, Sumatra and LakeToba are generally placed in Asia. Walter K. Dodds; Matt R. Whiles (23 September...
024 ft), Puncak Jaya is Indonesia's highest peak, and LakeToba in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of 1,145 km2 (442 sq mi). Indonesia's largest...
50 km from the renowned LakeToba tourist centre of Parapat and is often a transit city for tourists who want to travel to LakeToba and Central Tapanuli...
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