Evolutionary process leading to anatomically modern humans
The hominoids are descendants of a common ancestor.
Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family that includes all the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism, dexterity, and complex language,[1] as well as interbreeding with other hominins (a tribe of the African hominid subfamily),[2] indicating that human evolution was not linear but weblike.[3][4][5][6] The study of the origins of humans, variously known by the terms anthropogeny, anthropogenesis, or anthropogony, involves several scientific disciplines, including physical and evolutionary anthropology, paleontology, and genetics.[7][8]
Primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago (mya), in the Late Cretaceous period, with their earliest fossils appearing over 55 mya, during the Paleocene.[9] Primates produced successive clades leading to the ape superfamily, which gave rise to the hominid and the gibbon families; these diverged some 15–20 mya. African and Asian hominids (including orangutans) diverged about 14 mya. Hominins (including the Australopithecine and Panina subtribes) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between 8 and 9 mya; Australopithecine (including the extinct biped ancestors of humans) separated from the Pan genus (containing chimpanzees and bonobos) 4–7 mya.[10] The Homo genus is evidenced by the appearance of H. habilis over 2 mya,[a] while anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa approximately 300,000 years ago.
^Brian K. Hall; Benedikt Hallgrímsson (2011). Strickberger's Evolution. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 488. ISBN 978-1-4496-6390-2.
^Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Ackermann 2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Antrosio, Jason (August 23, 2018). "Denisovans and Neandertals: Rethinking Species Boundaries". Living Anthropologically. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
^Human Hybrids Archived August 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). Michael F. Hammer. Scientific American, May 2013.
^Yong, Ed (July 2011). "Mosaic humans, the hybrid species". New Scientist. 211 (2823): 34–38. Bibcode:2011NewSc.211...34Y. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61839-3.
^Heng, Henry H.Q. (May 2009). "The genome-centric concept: resynthesis of evolutionary theory". BioEssays. 31 (5): 512–525. doi:10.1002/bies.200800182. ISSN 0265-9247. PMID 19334004. S2CID 1336952.
^Marlowe, Frank W. (April 13, 2005). "Hunter-gatherers and human evolution". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 14 (2): 54–67. doi:10.1002/evan.20046. S2CID 53489209.
^Tyson, Peter (July 1, 2008). "Meet Your Ancestors". Nova ScienceNow. PBS; WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^Gibbons, Ann (June 13, 2012). "Bonobos Join Chimps as Closest Human Relatives". TimeTree. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
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