H. erectus (H. antecessor) (H. ergaster) (Au. sediba)
H. heidelbergensis
Homo sapiens
Neanderthals
Denisovans
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Earlier apes
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Gorilla split
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Chimpanzee split
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Earliest bipedal
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Earliest sign of Ardipithecus
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Earliest sign of Australopithecus
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Earliest stone tools
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Earliest sign of Homo
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Dispersal beyond Africa
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Earliest language
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Earliest fire / cooking
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Earliest rock art
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Earliest clothes
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Modern humans
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Archaic humans[a] is a broad category denoting all species of the genus Homo that are not Homo sapiens (which are known as modern humans). Among the earliest modern human remains are those from Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (about 315 ka), Florisbad in South Africa (259 ka),[1][2][3][4][5][6] and Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) in southern Ethiopia (c. 233 or 195 ka).[2][7] Some examples of archaic humans include H. antecessor (1200–770 ka), H. bodoensis (1200–300 ka), H. heidelbergensis (600–200 ka), Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis; 430–40 ka),[8]H. rhodesiensis (300–125 ka) and Denisovans (H. denisova; 285–52 ka),
Most archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Notable exceptions include Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis, having cranial capacities of 465-610 and 380 cubic centimeters, respectively.
Archaic humans are distinguished from anatomically modern humans by having a thick skull, prominent supraorbital ridges (brow ridges) and the lack of a prominent chin.[9][10]
Anatomically modern humans appeared around 300,000 years ago in Africa,[4][5][6] and 70,000 years ago gradually supplanted the "archaic" human varieties. Non-modern varieties of Homo are certain to have survived until after 30,000 years ago, and perhaps until as recently as 12,000 years ago.[b] According to recent genetic studies, modern humans may have bred with two or more groups of archaic humans, including Neanderthals and Denisovans.[11] Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans, pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits which originated 500,000–800,000 years ago.[12][13][14] In August 2023, scientists reported the discovery of an unknown ancient human hominin that may have lived 300,000 years ago in China.[15][16]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
^Stringer, C. (2016). "The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 371 (1698): 20150237. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237. PMC 4920294. PMID 27298468.
^ abHammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (Jul 2017). "The Omo-Kibish I pelvis". Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.
^White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6491): 742–747. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332. S2CID 4432091.
^ abCallaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ abSample, Ian (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
^ abHublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
^Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (Jan 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
^Hublin, J. J. (2009). "The origin of Neandertals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16022–16027. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616022H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904119106. JSTOR 40485013. PMC 2752594. PMID 19805257.
^Dawkins (2005). "Archaic homo sapiens". The Ancestor's Tale. Boston: Mariner. ISBN 978-0618619160.
^Barker, Graeme (1999). Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415213295 – via Google Books.
^Mitchell, Alanna (January 30, 2012). "DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell-All". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^Telegraph Reporters (14 August 2012). "Neanderthals did not interbreed with humans, scientists find". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
^"Neanderthals 'unlikely to have interbred with human ancestors'". The Guardian. Press Association. 4 February 2013.
^Lowery, Robert K.; Uribe, Gabriel; Jimenez, Eric B.; Weiss, Mark A.; Herrera, Kristian J.; Regueiro, Maria; Herrera, Rene J. (2013). "Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms". Gene. 530 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005. PMID 23872234.
^Israely, Yogev (7 August 2023). "Remains found in China may belong to previously unknown human lineage - Scientists in eastern China examined a jawbone, fragments of a skull and various foot bones from a hominin that lived approximately 300,000 years ago; Findings suggest this particular lineage bears a closer resemblance to Homo sapiens, or modern-day humans". YNet News. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^Wu, Xiujie; et al. (1 September 2023). "Morphological and morphometric analyses of a late Middle Pleistocene hominin mandible from Hualongdong, China". Journal of Human Evolution. 182. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103411. PMID 37531709. S2CID 260407114. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
Archaichumans is a broad category denoting all species of the genus Homo that are not Homo sapiens (which are known as modern humans). Among the earliest...
Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans occurred during the Middle Paleolithic and early Upper Paleolithic. The interbreeding happened in several...
anatomically similar to other Middle Pleistocene Chinese specimens. Like other archaichumans, the skull is low and long, with massively developed brow ridges, wide...
refer to a very early period differing by location Archaichumans, people before homo sapiens Archaic (comics), a comic-book series created by writer James...
humans, from extinct archaichuman species. This distinction is useful especially for times and regions where anatomically modern and archaichumans co-existed...
are known as archaichumans, and the term "modern human" is used to distinguish Homo sapiens from archaichumans. Anatomically modern humans emerged around...
Early human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately...
of Middle to Late Pleistocene archaichumans and australopithecines. Denisovans apparently interbred with modern humans, with a high percentage (roughly...
designed to include both anatomically modern humans and extinct varieties of archaichumans. Current humans have been designated as subspecies Homo sapiens...
phenotypes, that were developed by archaichumans to European and Asian environments and inherited to modern humans through admixture with local hominins...
regional variants of archaichumans. "Recent African origin", or Out of Africa II, refers to the migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) out...
ancient, the face is unexpectedly similar to that of modern humans rather than other archaichumans—namely in its overall flatness as well as the curving of...
extinct species (collectively called archaichumans) classified as either ancestral or closely related to modern humans, including Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis...
an extinct species of small archaichuman that inhabited the island of Flores, Indonesia, until the arrival of modern humans about 50,000 years ago. The...
neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaichumans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as...
expansion of anatomically modern humans, the disappearance of archaichumans by extinction or admixture with modern humans; earliest evidence for pictorial...
after a mythical caveman, is an extinct, possibly pygmy, species of archaichuman from the Late Pleistocene of Luzon, the Philippines. Their remains,...
evolution of human skin color proposes that: From the origin of hairlessness and exposure to UV-radiation to less than 100,000 years ago, archaichumans, including...
S2CID 2396763. Timmermann, A., Yun, KS., Raia, P. et al. Climate effects on archaichuman habitats and species successions. Nature 604, 495–501 (2022). https://doi...
Several expansions of populations of archaichumans (genus Homo) out of Africa and throughout Eurasia took place in the course of the Lower Paleolithic...
for anatomically modern humans. The region of Southeast Asia is considered a possible place for the evidence of archaichuman remains that could be found...
The Nesher Ramla Homo group are an extinct population of archaichumans who lived during the Middle Pleistocene in what is now Israel. In 2010, evidence...
H. sapiens heidelbergensis) is an extinct species or subspecies of archaichuman which existed during the Middle Pleistocene. It was subsumed as a subspecies...
(/ˌhoʊmoʊ əˈrɛktəs/; meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaichuman from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years...
anthropological evidence linking pygmies to other islands of Vanuatu. The extinct archaichuman species Homo luzonensis has been classified as a pygmy group.[citation...
similar to that of archaichumans. The height of the mandibular symphysis at 27.7 mm (1.09 in) is within the range of modern humans, and the thickness...
Homo naledi is an extinct species of archaichuman discovered in 2013 in the Rising Star Cave system, Gauteng province, South Africa (See Cradle of Humankind)...