This article is about the state that existed from 1653 to 1659. For the time period in British history from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660, see Commonwealth of England.
For an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, see Protectorate.
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1653–1659
Top: Flag (1653–1658) Bottom: Flag (1658–1659)
Coat of arms (1653–1659)
Motto: Pax quaeritur bello ("Peace is obtained through war")
Unitary parliamentary republic under a hereditary military dictatorship
Lord Protector
• 1653–1658
Oliver Cromwell
• 1658–1659
Richard Cromwell
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Other House (1658–59)
• Lower house
House of Commons (1654–55/1656–58/1659)
History
• Instrument of Government
16 December 1653
• Tender of Union
12 April 1654
• Humble Petition and Advice
25 May 1657
• R. Cromwell's resignation
25 May 1659
Currency
Pound sterling
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Commonwealth of England
Kingdom of Scotland
Commonwealth of England
Today part of
Republic of Ireland United Kingdom
The Protectorate, officially the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the English form of government lasting from 16 December 1653 to 25 May 1659, under which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their associated territories were joined together in the Commonwealth of England, governed by a Lord Protector. It began when Barebone's Parliament was dissolved, and the Instrument of Government appointed Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. Cromwell died in September 1658 and was succeeded by his son Richard Cromwell.
Richard resigned in May 1659 due to his inability to control either the Army or Parliament. He was replaced by the English Committee of Safety, which dissolved the Third Protectorate Parliament, and reseated the so-called Rump Parliament dismissed by Cromwell in April 1653. This marked the end of the Protectorate, with the Rump acting as the legislature and the English Council of State as the executive.
TheProtectorate, officially the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the English form of government lasting from 16 December 1653 to 25...
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other...
TheProtectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to 1962. In 1893 the Imperial British East Africa Company transferred its...
British protectorates were protectorates—or client states—under protection of the British Empire's armed forces and represented by British diplomats in...
The Saar Protectorate (German: Saarprotektorat [ˈzaːɐ̯pʁotɛktoˌʁaːt]; French: Protectorat de la Sarre), officially Saarland (French: Sarre), was a French...
formal protectorate. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate...
The Bechuanaland Protectorate (/ˌbɛtʃuˈɑːnəlænd/) was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885 in Southern Africa by the United Kingdom. It became...
The Malagasy Protectorate was a French protectorate in what is now Madagascar. Through theprotectorate, France attempted to control the foreign affairs...
East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) was a British protectorate in the African Great Lakes, occupying roughly the same area as...
French protectorate may refer to: The French protectorate of Cambodia The French protectorate of Laos The French protectorate in Morocco The French protectorate...
The Aden Protectorate (Arabic: محمية عدن Maḥmiyyat ‘Adan) was a British protectorate in southern Arabia. Theprotectorate evolved in the hinterland of...
TheProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a partially-annexed territory of Nazi Germany that was established on 16 March 1939 after the German occupation...
TheProtectorate of Peru (Spanish: Protectorado del Perú), also known as theProtectorate of San Martín (Spanish: Protectorado de San Martín), was a protectorate...
British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate (Somali: Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida), was a protectorate of the United Kingdom in modern Somaliland...
Najeriya) was a British protectorate which lasted from 1900 until 1914 and covered the northern part of what is now Nigeria. Theprotectorate spanned 660,000...
French protectorate within French Indochina, a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French colonial empire. Theprotectorate was established...
TheProtectorate of South Arabia (Arabic: محمية الجنوب العربي) consisted of various states located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula under...
of 1983 empowered the Prime Minister to designate certain areas to be declared as protectorates. A Prime Minister's decree defines the limits of each protected...
Malta Protectorate (Italian: Protettorato di Malta, Maltese: Protettorat ta' Malta) was the political term for Malta when it was de jure part of the Kingdom...
The Niger Coast Protectorate was a British protectorate in the Oil Rivers area of present-day Nigeria, originally established as the Oil Rivers Protectorate...
River Protectorate in 1884. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area...
The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, commonly known as British Kenya or British East Africa, was part of the British Empire in Africa from 1920 until...
Nigeria was a British protectorate in the coastal areas of modern-day Nigeria formed in 1900 from the union of the Niger Coast Protectorate with territories...
The French protectorate in Morocco, also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco that lasted from 1912 to 1956. The...
became the 'Standard for the General of his Highnesse fleet', while the Cross-and-Harp jack was replaced by the "Protectorate Jack", consisting of the royal...
Protectorate of Morocco may refer to: The French Protectorate of Morocco (1912–1956) The Spanish Protectorate of Morocco (1912–1956) This disambiguation...
The French protectorate of Tunisia (French: Protectorat français de Tunisie; Arabic: الحماية الفرنسية في تونس al-ḥimāya al-Fransīya fī Tūnis), officially...
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