Partially-annexed territory of Germany in Central Europe (1939–45)
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren(German) Protektorát Čechy a Morava(Czech)
1939–1945
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:Kde domov můj / Wo meine Heimat ist[1][2] "Where my home is"
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1942, in dark green within Nazi Germany in light green
Status
Protectorate and partially-annexed territory of Nazi Germany[3]
Capital
Prague
Common languages
German · Czech
Government
Unitary Nazi one-party fascist protectorate under a totalitarian dictatorship
Reich Protector
• 1939–1943
Konstantin von Neurath
• 1941–1942 (acting)
Reinhard Heydrich
• 1942–1943 (acting)
Kurt Daluege
• 1943–1945
Wilhelm Frick
State President
• 1939–1945
Emil Hácha
Prime Minister
• 1939 (acting)
Rudolf Beran
• 1939–1941
Alois Eliáš
• 1941–1945
Jaroslav Krejčí
• 1945
Richard Bienert
History
• German occupation
15 March 1939[4]
• German surrender
8 May 1945
Currency
Protectorate koruna
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Second Czechoslovak Republic
Third Czechoslovak Republic
Today part of
Czech Republic
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia[a] was a partially-annexed[3] territory of Nazi Germany that was established on 16 March 1939 after the German occupation of the Czech lands. The protectorate's population was mostly ethnic Czech.
After the Munich Agreement of September 1938, the Third Reich had annexed the German-majority Sudetenland to Germany from Czechoslovakia in October 1938. Following the establishment of the independent Slovak Republic on 14 March 1939, and the German occupation of the Czech rump state the next day, German leader Adolf Hitler established the protectorate on 16 March 1939, issuing a proclamation from Prague Castle.[6] The creation of the protectorate violated the Munich Agreement.[7]
The protectorate remained nominally autonomous and had a dual system of government, with German law applying to ethnic Germans while other residents had the legal status of Protectorate subjects and were governed by a puppet Czech administration. During the Second World War (1939-1945), the well-trained Czech workforce and developed industry were forced to make a major contribution to the German war economy. Since the Protectorate was just out of the reach of Allied bombers based in Britain, the Czech economy was able to work almost undisturbed until the end of the war. The Protectorate administration became deeply involved in the Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia.[8][9]
The state's existence came to an end with the surrender of Germany to the Allies in May 1945. After the war, some Protectorate officials were charged with collaborationism, but according to the prevailing belief in Czech society, the Protectorate was not entirely rejected as a collaborationist entity.[10]
^Gössel, Gabriel (2008). The Czech Republic's national anthem down the ages. Úřad vlády ČR. p. 64. ISBN 978-80-87041-42-0.
^"Hudba v Čechách a na Moravě v období německého protektorátu 3". 25 July 2007.
^ abGruner 2015, p. 104.
^12 - The Slovak state, 1939–1945 in Slovakia in History, Ivan Kamenec; Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown eds. Cambridge University Press, 7 October 2011
^Gruner 2015, p. 103.
^Decree of 16 March 1939 establishing the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (in German)
^Crowhurst, Patrick (2020) Hitler and Czechoslovakia in World War II: Domination and Retaliation. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 96, ISBN 9781350160095.
^Gruner, Wolf (2019). The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses. Berghahn Books. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-78920-285-4.
^Láníček, Jan (2021). "Between Resistance and Collaboration: The Ambiguity of the Protectorate Gendarmes' Service in the Theresienstadt Ghetto (1941-1945)". S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. 8 (2): 13–37. doi:10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01. ISSN 2408-9192.
^
Láníček, Jan (2021). "Between Resistance and Collaboration". S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. 8 (2): 13–37. doi:10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01. ISSN 2408-9192.
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