French protectorate in Morocco information

French protectorate in Morocco
*Protectorat français au Maroc* (French)
الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب (Arabic)
*Al-himaya al-faransia fi al-maghrib*
French protectorate in Morocco Protectorat français au Maroc (French); الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب (Arabic); Al-himaya al-faransia fi al-maghrib
1912–1956
	Merchant Ensign Coat of arms
	Anthem: La Marseillaise (de facto); ; Cherifian Anthem; النشيد الشريف (Arabic); ; (traditional, instrumental only)
	The French conquest of Morocco, c. 1907–1927
Status	Protectorate of France
Capital	Rabat
Official languages	French
Common languages	Moroccan Arabic; Hassaniya Arabic; Berber languages;
Religion	Sunni Islam; Judaism; Roman Catholicism
Government	Absolute monarchy; (under colonial administration)
Sultan
• 1912–1927	Yusef
• 1927–1953	Mohammed V
• 1953–1955	Mohammed VI
• 1955–1956	Mohammed V
Resident-General
• 1912–1925 (first)	Hubert Lyautey
• 1955–1956 (last)	André Louis Dubois
Historical era	Interwar period
• Treaty of Fes	30 March 1912
• Independence	7 April 1956
Currency	Moroccan rial; (1912–1921); Moroccan franc; (1921–1956); French franc; (de facto official)
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Sultanate of Morocco
Kingdom of Morocco

The French protectorate in Morocco,^[4] also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco that lasted from 1912 to 1956.^[5] The protectorate was officially established 30 March 1912, when Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the Treaty of Fez, though the French military occupation of Morocco had begun with the invasion of Oujda and the bombardment of Casablanca in 1907.^[5]

The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration.^[6] Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the Revolution of the King and the People, restored the exiled Mohammed V but it did not end the French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and property.^[7]

While the agreements with France had provided for interdependent foreign relations, Franco-Moroccan relations quickly worsened following Mohammed V's outspoken support for Algerian independence including at the United Nations.^[8] The number of French settlers declined constantly,^[9] especially after their agricultural holdings were nationalized.^[10] Relations with France were to improve once the last French troops finally left Morocco in November 1961.^[11]

The French protectorate existed alongside the Spanish protectorate, which was established and dissolved in the same years; its borders consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of Taza and the Draa River, including sparse tribal lands.^[12] The official capital was Rabat.

^ Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838 [1] Archived 1 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ Miller, Susan Gilson (15 April 2013). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521810708 – via Google Books.
^ "National Holidays & Religious Holidays". Maroc.ma. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ (French: Protectorat français au Maroc; Arabic: الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب)
^ ^a ^b Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840.
^ "Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP". mjp.univ-perp.fr. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 35 (4): 569–592. doi:10.1080/03086530701667526. S2CID 153965067.
^ Mounya Essemlali, Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962), [2], Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93).
^ From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini, Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6)
^ Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.
^ Amina Aouchard, Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance, [3] Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.
^ Nelson, Harold (1985). Morocco, a Country Study. Washington DC: Foreign Ara Studies: The American University.

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[1] Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838 [1] Archived 1 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[2] Miller, Susan Gilson (15 April 2013). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521810708 – via Google Books.

[4] "National Holidays & Religious Holidays". Maroc.ma. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

[5] (French: Protectorat français au Maroc; Arabic: الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب)

[:4-6] Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840.

[7] "Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP". mjp.univ-perp.fr. Retrieved 3 March 2020.

[8] Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 35 (4): 569–592. doi:10.1080/03086530701667526. S2CID 153965067.

[9] Mounya Essemlali, Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962), [2], Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93).

[10] From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini, Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6)

[11] Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.

[12] Amina Aouchard, Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance, [3] Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.

[13] Nelson, Harold (1985). Morocco, a Country Study. Washington DC: Foreign Ara Studies: The American University.

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