This article is about the administration of French Tunisia. For the social history of the same, see History of Tunisia under French rule.
Regency of Tunis
Régence de Tunis(French) الدولة تونس(Arabic)[citation needed] Wilayat Tunis(Arabic)[citation needed]
1881–1956
Unofficial flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:
"Salam al-Bey"
"La Marseillaise"
Tunisia
French colonial empire in Africa prior to World War I
Status
Protectorate
Capital
Tunis
Common languages
Tunisian Arabic
French
Arabic
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
Religion
Islam
Demonym(s)
Tunisian
Government
Constitutional monarchy under French protection
Bey
• 1859–1882 (first)
Muhammad III
• 1943–1956 (last)
Muhammad VIII
Prime Minister
• 1881–1882 (first)
Mohamed Khaznadar
• 1954–1956 (last)
Tahar Ben Ammar
Resident-General
• 1885–1886 (first)
Paul Cambon
• 1955–1956 (last)
Roger Seydoux[a]
Historical era
Interwar period
• Treaty of Bardo
12 May 1881
• Independence
20 March 1956
Currency
Rial (1881–1891)
Franc (1891–1956)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Beylik of Tunis
Kingdom of Tunisia
Today part of
Tunisia
The French protectorate of Tunisia (French: Protectorat français de Tunisie; Arabic: الحماية الفرنسية في تونسal-ḥimāya al-Fransīya fī Tūnis), officially the Regency of Tunis[1][2][b] (French: Régence de Tunis) and commonly referred to as simply French Tunisia, was established in 1881, during the French colonial Empire era, and lasted until Tunisian independence in 1956.
The protectorate was established by the Bardo Treaty of 12 May 1881 after a military conquest,[5] despite Italian disapproval.[6] It was part of French North Africa with French Algeria and the Protectorate of Morocco, and more broadly of the French Empire.[7] Tunisian sovereignty was more reduced in 1883, the Bey was only signing the decrees and laws prepared by the Resident General of France in Tunisia. The Tunisian government at the local level remained in place, and was only coordinating between Tunisians and the administrations set up on the model of what existed in France. The Tunisian government's budget was quickly cleaned up, which made it possible to launch multiple infrastructure construction programs (roads, railways, ports, lighthouses, schools, hospitals, etc.) and the reforms that took place during the Beylik era contributed to this,[8] which completely transformed the country above all for the benefit of the settlers, mostly Italians whose numbers were growing rapidly. A whole land legislation was put in place allowing the acquisition or the confiscation of land in order to create lots of colonization resold to the French colonists.
The first nationalist party, Destour, was created in 1920, but its political activity decreased rapidly in 1922. However, Tunisians educated in French universities revived the nationalist movement. A new party, the Neo Destour, was created in 1934 whose methods quickly showed their effectiveness. Police repression only accentuated the mobilization of the Tunisian people. The occupation of the country in 1942 by Germany and the deposition of Moncef Bey in 1943 by the French authorities reinforced the exasperation of the population. After three years of guerrilla, internal autonomy was granted in 1955. The protectorate was finally abolished on 20 March 1956.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
^Territories Within the Area of Responsibility of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs. United States Department of State. Division of Research for Near East and Africa, Office of Intelligence Research. 1949. p. 1.
^Herbert Treadwell Wade, ed. (1927). "Tunis". The New International Year Book. Dodd Mead and Company. p. 733. The government, known as the Regency of Tunis, is under the French foreign office
^Non-self-governing Territories. Vol. 2. United Nations General Assembly Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories. 1950. p. 120 fn 27.
^
For example in,
Handbook of Commercial Treaties, Etc., with Foreign Powers. His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1931. p. 232.
Treaty Information Bulletin. Issue 39. Department of State. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933. p. 16.
^Holt & Chilton 1918, p. 220-221.
^Ling 1960, p. 398-99.
^Balch, Thomas William (November 1909). "French Colonization in North Africa". The American Political Science Review. 3 (4): 539–551. doi:10.2307/1944685. JSTOR 1944685. S2CID 144883559.
^Wesseling 1996, pp. 22–23
and 27 Related for: French protectorate of Tunisia information
The FrenchprotectorateofTunisia (French: Protectorat français de Tunisie; Arabic: الحماية الفرنسية في تونس al-ḥimāya al-Fransīya fī Tūnis), officially...
signing of a treaty of protection, and the second (10 June – 28 October) consisting of the suppression of a rebellion. The FrenchprotectorateofTunisia that...
influence beyond Algeria, the French established protectorates to the east and west of it. The FrenchprotectorateofTunisia was established in 1881, following...
The history ofTunisia under French rule started in 1881 with the establishment of the Frenchprotectorate and ended in 1956 with Tunisian independence...
French protectorateofTunisia The Annam (Frenchprotectorate) The Tonkin (Frenchprotectorate) The Malagasy Protectorate The Saar Protectorate This disambiguation...
during the Frenchprotectorate, and on 1 June 1959, it was proclaimed the state flag of the Republic ofTunisia (in accordance with the Tunisian Constitution)...
A Frenchprotectorate in North Africa.", while the 1928 supplement reads "TUNIS or Tunisia. A Frenchprotectorate in North Africa..." "Tunisian Constitution...
The Frenchprotectorate in Morocco, also known as French Morocco, was the period ofFrench colonial rule in Morocco that lasted from 1912 to 1956. The...
monarchy on 20 March 1956 after Tunisian independence and the end of the Frenchprotectorate period. It lasted for a period of one year and five months between...
May 1943 Tunisia Campaign 10 November – 25 December 1942 Run for Tunis February – May 1943 Battle of Sedjenane 14–17 February 1943 Battle of Sidi Bou...
establishment of the FrenchprotectorateofTunisia in 1881. The term beylik refers to the monarch, who was called the Bey of Tunis. Under the protectorate, the...
the FrenchprotectorateofTunisia Briefly used flag of the French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon in 1920 Flag of the State of Aleppo, in the French Mandate...
Mauritius French North Africa French Algeria (1830-1962; was administered as an integral part ofFrance itself from 1848) FrenchProtectorateofTunisia (1881–1956)...
Sultanate of Morocco which culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Fes and establishment of the FrenchProtectorate in Morocco on 30 March 1912. France later...
of Bourguiba", as it was named after the first president of independent Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba, in 1956. During the FrenchprotectorateofTunisia (1881–1956)...
Tunis French protectorateofTunisia List ofFrench residents-general in Tunisia Kingdom ofTunisiaFrenchprotectorate in Morocco List ofFrench residents-general...
Some of the colonies, protectorates and mandates of the French Colonial Empire used distinctive colonial flags. These most commonly had a French Tricolour...
of Djerba, mainly Guellala/Iquallalen, Ajim, Sedouikech / Azdyuch and Ouirsighen / At Ursighen. During the Frenchprotectorate in Tunisia, the French...
Senegal Senegambia and Niger Upper Senegal and Niger Colony of Niger FrenchprotectorateofTunisia German East Africa (Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania) German South-West...
The French colonial empire (French: Empire colonial français) comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French...
first edition was held during the FrenchprotectorateofTunisia, the 1907 season, under the auspices of the Federation of Union des Sociétés Françaises de...
French or Judeo-Tunisian Arabic in their everyday lives. The history of the Jews ofTunisia (until the establishment of the Frenchprotectorate) was first...
modern-day Panama Nominally independent British protectorate 1902 figure Nominally independent British protectorate "Discord - A New Way to Chat with Friends...
jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of Metropolitan France, French Algeria, the Frenchprotectorate in Morocco, the Frenchprotectorateof Tunisia...
Italian Tunisians (Italian: Italo-tunisini, or Italians ofTunisia) are Tunisian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors...
Malta French Algeria (1830–1962) ProtectorateofTunisia (1881–1956) Protectorate in Morocco (1912–1956) Ivory Coast (1843–1960) Dahomey or French Dahomey...
the command of General Omar Bradley and the II Corps in the FrenchprotectorateofTunisia. There the regimental commander ordered the use of a directional...