Process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty
Neural pruning redirects here.
A model view of the synapse
Synaptic pruning, a phase in the development of the nervous system, is the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in many mammals, including humans.[1] Pruning starts near the time of birth and continues into the late-20s.[2] During the pruning of a synapse, both the axon and the dendrite decay and die off. Synaptic pruning was traditionally considered to be complete by the time of sexual maturation, but MRI studies have discounted this idea.[3]
The infant brain will increase in size by a factor of up to 5 by adulthood, reaching a final size of approximately 86 (± 8) billion neurons.[4] Two factors contribute to this growth: the growth of synaptic connections between neurons and the myelination of nerve fibers; the total number of neurons, however, remains the same.[citation needed] After adolescence, the volume of the synaptic connections decreases again due to synaptic pruning.[5]
Pruning is influenced by environmental factors and is widely thought to represent learning.[5][need quotation to verify]
^Chechik, G; Meilijson, I; Ruppin, E (1998). "Synaptic pruning in development: a computational account". Neural Computation. 10 (7): 1759–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.21.2198. doi:10.1162/089976698300017124. PMID 9744896. S2CID 14629275.
^"Brain's synaptic pruning continues into your 20s". New Scientist. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
^Iglesias, J.; Eriksson, J.; Grize, F.; Tomassini, M.; Villa, A. (2005). "Dynamics of pruning in simulated large-scale spiking neural networks". BioSystems. 79 (9): 11–20. Bibcode:2005BiSys..79...11I. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2004.09.016. PMID 15649585.
^Azevedo, Frederico A.C.; Carvalho, Ludmila R.B.; Grinberg, Lea T.; Farfel, José Marcelo; Ferretti, Renata E.L.; Leite, Renata E.P.; Filho, Wilson Jacob; Lent, Roberto; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–41. doi:10.1002/cne.21974. PMID 19226510. S2CID 5200449.
^ abCraik, F.; Bialystok, E. (2006). "Cognition through the lifespan:mechanisms of change". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10 (3): 131–138. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.383.9629. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.007. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 16460992. S2CID 11239746.
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cortex. These disruptions often occur during development linked with synapticpruning dysfunction. People with bipolar disorder who are in a euthymic mood...
proteins of the classical complement pathway have an important role in synapticpruning in the brain during early development. Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport...
pruning of unused connections in thinking and processing. While this is occurring within the brain, retained connections are strengthened. Synaptic pruning...
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phenomenon is a result of neuroplasticity, including Hebbian learning and synapticpruning. Through these mechanisms, neural pathways that are more consistently...
movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, and the impact sleep has on "synapticpruning" and the creation of memories during a human's lifespan are also covered...
plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as neuronal cell death and synapticpruning. The principle drug treatments on the market deal with antagonizing...
and/or maintenance of brain and bone. In mice, TREM2 is involved in synapticpruning, a process of shaping neuronal circuitry by microglia- and astrocyte-mediated...
scaffold proteins, while pruning less active ones. For example, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a large role in synaptic maintenance and stabilization...
has also been shown that microglia are involved in the process of synapticpruning during brain development. Post-inflammation, microglia undergo several...
Stevens, Beth (2012). "The complement system: an unexpected role in synapticpruning during development and disease". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 35...
Purkinje cells. In addition, several studies implicate progranulin in synapticpruning, a microglial process that occurs during development of the neural...
tissue. Microglia and the complement system are also associated with synapticpruning as their secretions of cytokines, growth factors and other complements...
development of childhood peaks followed by adolescent declines (e.g. synapticpruning). Consistent with adult findings, average cerebral volume is approximately...
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