For the critical period in language development, see Critical period hypothesis.
For other uses, see window of opportunity.
In developmental psychology and developmental biology, a critical period is a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli. If, for some reason, the organism does not receive the appropriate stimulus during this "critical period" to learn a given skill or trait, it may be difficult, ultimately less successful, or even impossible, to develop certain associated functions later in life. Functions that are indispensable to an organism's survival, such as vision, are particularly likely to develop during critical periods. "Critical period" also relates to the ability to acquire one's first language. Researchers found that people who passed the "critical period" would not acquire their first language fluently.[1]
Some researchers differentiate between 'strong critical periods' and 'weak critical periods' (also known as 'sensitive' periods)—defining 'weak critical periods' / 'sensitive periods' as more extended periods, after which learning is still possible.[2] Other researchers consider these the same phenomenon.[3]
For example, the critical period for the development of a human child's binocular vision is thought to be between three and eight months, with sensitivity to damage extending up to at least three years of age. Further critical periods have been identified for the development of hearing[4] and the vestibular system.[1]
^Robson AL (2002). "Critical/Sensitive Periods". In Salkind NJ (ed.). Child Development. Gale Virtual Reference Library. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 101–3.
^Brainard MS, Knudsen EI (May 1998). "Sensitive periods for visual calibration of the auditory space map in the barn owl optic tectum". The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (10): 3929–42. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03929.1998. PMC 6793138. PMID 9570820.
^Hensch TK (2004). "Critical period regulation". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27: 549–79. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144327. PMID 15217343.
^Kral A (September 2013). "Auditory critical periods: a review from system's perspective". Neuroscience. 247: 117–33. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.021. PMID 23707979.
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