The bricks of the Great Wall of China are held together by sticky rice mortar.
Sticky rice mortar was invented in ancient China utilizing organic materials in inorganic mortar. Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash.
Around 500 CE, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic−organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar.[1][2] Sticky rice played a major role in maintaining the durability of the Great Wall, as well as tombs, pagodas, and city walls.[3] Sticky rice mortar had high adhesive strength, sturdiness, waterproofing capability, and prevented weeds from growing as crude mortar made of sticky rice and burnt lime created a seal between bricks that would rival modern cement in strength.
During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD), brick-making techniques improved significantly in terms of quantity and quality of production.[4] Since then, Great Wall sections were widely built with bricks, with lime mortar and sticky rice used to reinforce the bricks strongly enough to resist earthquakes and modern bulldozers while keeping the building intact.
Modern chemists, through their research, identified amylopectin, a type of polysaccharide, or complex carbohydrate, found in rice and other starchy foods to appear to be responsible for the sticky rice mortar's strength and durability.[5][6]
^"Revealing the Ancient Chinese Secret of Sticky Rice Mortar". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^Yang Fuwei; Zhang Bingjian; Ma Qinglin (2010). "Study of Sticky Rice−Lime Mortar Technology for the Restoration of Historical Masonry Construction". Accounts of Chemical Research. 43 (6): 936–44. doi:10.1021/ar9001944. PMID 20455571.
^Watts-Plumpkin, Emma (July 6, 2010). "Sticky rice porridge and the Great Wall of China". World Archaeology.
^Zhang, Yu-Jie; Luo, Yan-Bing (2013). "Investigation of sticky-rice lime mortar of the Horse Stopped Wall in Jiange". Heritage Science. 1 (published August 15, 2013): 26. doi:10.1186/2050-7445-1-26.
^Zhang, Bingjian (May 30, 2010). "Revealing the ancient Chinese secret of sticky rice mortar". Phys.org.
^Yang, Fu-Wei; Zhang, Bing-Jian; Pan, Chang-Chu; Zeng, YuYao (2009). "Traditional mortar represented by sticky rice lime mortar—One of the great inventions in ancient China". Science in China. 52 (6) (published June 1, 2009): 1641–47. Bibcode:2009ScChE..52.1641Y. doi:10.1007/s11431-008-0317-0. S2CID 109168067.
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