Statocysts are also balancing organs in arthropods
Drawing of the statocyst systemStatocysts (ss) and statolith (sl) inside the head of sea snail Gigantopelta chessoia
The statocyst is a balance sensory receptor present in some aquatic invertebrates, including bivalves,[1] cnidarians,[2] ctenophorans,[3] echinoderms,[4] cephalopods,[5][6] crustaceans,[7] and gastropods,[8]A similar structure is also found in Xenoturbella.[9] The statocyst consists of a sac-like structure containing a mineralised mass (statolith) and numerous innervated sensory hairs (setae). The statolith's inertia causes it to push against the setae when the animal accelerates. Deflection of setae by the statolith in response to gravity activates neurons, providing feedback to the animal on change in orientation and allowing balance to be maintained.
In other words, the statolith shifts as the animal moves. Any movement large enough to throw the organism off balance causes the statolith to brush against tiny bristles which in turn send a message to the brain to correct its balance.
It may have been present in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians.[citation needed]
^Morton, B. (2009). "Statocyst structure in the Anomalodesmata (Bivalvia)". Journal of Zoology. 206: 23–34. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05633.x.
^Spangenberg, D. B. (1986). "Statolith formation in Cnidaria: effects of cadmium on Aurelia statoliths". Scanning Electron Microscopy (4): 1609–1618. PMID 11539690.
^Lowe, B. (1997). "The role of Ca2+ in deflection-induced excitation of motile, mechanoresponsive balancer cilia in the ctenophore statocyst". Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 11): 1593–1606. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.11.1593. PMID 9202448.
^Ehlers, U. (1997). "Ultrastructure of the statocysts in the apodous sea cucumber Leptosynapta inhaerens (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata)". Acta Zoologica. 78: 61–68. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1997.tb01127.x.
^Clarke, M. R. (2009). "The cephalopod statolithan—introduction to its form". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 58 (3): 701–712. doi:10.1017/S0025315400041345.
^Levi, R.; Varona, P.; Arshavsky, Y. I.; Rabinovich, M. I.; Selverston, A. I. (2004). "Dual Sensory-Motor Function for a Molluskan Statocyst Network". Journal of Neurophysiology. 91 (1): 336–345. doi:10.1152/jn.00753.2003. PMID 14507988.
^Cohen, M. J. (1960). "The response patterns of single receptors in the crustacean statocyst". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 152 (946): 30–49. doi:10.1098/rspb.1960.0020. PMID 13849418. S2CID 29494854.
^Deliagina, Tatiana G.; Arshavsky, Yuri I.; Orlovsky, Grigori N. (1998). "Control of spatial orientation in a mollusc". Nature. 393 (6681): 172–175. doi:10.1038/30251. ISSN 0028-0836.
^Israelsson, O. (2007). "Ultrastructural aspects of the 'statocyst' of Xenoturbella (Deuterostomia) cast doubt on its function as a georeceptor". Tissue and Cell. 39 (3): 171–177. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2007.03.002. PMID 17434196.
The statocyst is a balance sensory receptor present in some aquatic invertebrates, including bivalves, cnidarians, ctenophorans, echinoderms, cephalopods...
receptors called statocysts can be found in many invertebrate groups but are not contained in the structure of an inner ear. Mollusk statocysts are of a similar...
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Each rhopalium is typically associated with a pair of sensory pits, a statocyst, and sometimes a pigment-cup ocellus. Most species appear to be gonochorists...
situ hybridization resulted in PaxB expression in the lens, retina, and statocysts. These results and the rejection of the prior hypothesis that Pax6 was...
can distinguish the polarization of light. Many invertebrates have a statocyst, which is a sensor for acceleration and orientation that works very differently...
opposite end from the mouth) is a statocyst, a balance organ that helps it to orient itself. Papillae surround the statocyst. Their function is unclear, but...
burrowing or feeding) in different classes. The foot carries a pair of statocysts, which act as balance sensors. In gastropods, it secretes mucus as a lubricant...
a ring comissure of variable complexity. The sensory organs include a statocyst (for balance). Some groups have two unicellular ocelli (simple eyes)....
and seriates – have statocysts, fluid-filled chambers containing a small solid particle or, in a few groups, two. These statocysts are thought to be balance...
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frequencies. Oysters perceive near-field sound vibrations by utilizing statocysts. In addition, they have superficial receptors that detect variations in...
in many marine animals is done with an entirely different organ, the statocyst, which detects the position of tiny calcareous stones to determine which...
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arrangement. Cephalopods have advanced vision, can detect gravity with statocysts, and have a variety of chemical sense organs.: 34 Octopuses use their...
extends to form a fin along the tail in the larva. The larva also has a statocyst and a pigmented cup above the mouth, which opens into a pharynx lined...
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colourful mating displays. Attached to the brain are two organs called statocysts (sac-like structures containing a mineralised mass and sensitive hairs)...
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a constant depth. To keep itself upright during swimming, it uses two statocyst gravity-sensing organs that correct it to an upright posture using its...
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